Black Earth(166)

Even German bureaucracy Bloodstream: “Endl?sung der Judenfrage,” in Pauer-Studer, Rechtfertigungen, 439. Breitman notes that it was a major mass murderer, Bach-Zelewski, who began the intellectual association of death with bureaucracy. “Himmler,” 446. Wasserstein provides the startling example of a Jewish bureaucracy, a council to aid Jewish emigration, that in personnel and in mode of operation was similar to the Judenrat of Amsterdam. What changed in the meantime was the arrival of the German state destroyers, who had created a stateless zone to which Dutch Jews were now sent. Westerbork, at first a refugee camp, became a transit camp for death facilities in occupied Poland. See his Ambiguity, passim.

Bureaucracies in Germany Gerlach, “Failure of Plans,” 68.





9. Sovereignty and Survival


Germany invaded Yugoslavia See Manoschek, Serbien, 39, 51, 55, 79, 86, 107, 186; and Pawlowitch, New Disorder, 281.

Croatia as a state had no hope Korb, Im Schatten, 439–49 for summary of major findings; see also Korb, “Mass Violence,” 73; Dulic, “Mass Killing,” 262, 273.

Slovakia was the other Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator, 209, 214, 221.

Slovakia joined the Axis Himmler and 20 October 1941 meeting: Witte et al., Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers, 278. See generally Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator, 227, 230, 233, 235.

Romania, Germany’s major Tradition of “securitized” Jewish policy: Iordachi, “Juden,” 110.

Romania had been regarded On Romanianization, see Livezeanu, Cultural Politics.

Traditionally Romania had been See Geissbühler, Blutiger Juli, 46, 49.

When on July 2, 1941 Deportation figures: Olaru-Cemiertan, “Wo die Züge,” 224. Iasi and 43,500: Geissbühler, Blutiger Juli, 54, 119.

The Romanian political Solonari, “Patterns,” 121, 124, 130, “killing all Jews” quotation at 125. “Nobody except Jews”: Dumitru, “Through the Eyes,” 125. See also Prusin, Lands Between, 154.

Romanian soldiers quickly Glass, Deutschland, 144–47, 266–67; Dumitru, “Through the Eyes,” 206–13; Geissbühler, “He spoke Yiddish.”

From the perspective of Bucharest Numbers and analysis: Glass, Deutschland, 15. See also Hilberg, Destruction, 2:811; Bloxham, Final Solution, 116.

Romanian policy Ancel, Holocaust in Romania, 479, 486; Solonari, “Ethnic Cleansing,” 105–6, 113. Hitler trying: Hillgruber, “Grundl?ge,” 290. Diplomatic protection: Glass, Deutschland, 230.

Under their longtime ruler For a convincing analysis, see Case, Between States, especially 182–88. For an example, see Antonescu’s conversation with Hitler on 23 March 1944, cited in Staatsm?nner, 392.

Budapest passed anti-Jewish Forty thousand: Lower, “Axis Collaboration,” 194.

The expropriation Gerlach and Aly, Letzte Kapitel, 81, 83, 104, 114, 126, 148, 188–89. New York Times: Bajohr and Pohl, Der Holocaust, 115.

Like all of Germany’s allies Ungváry, Siege of Budapest, 286–91; Segal, “Beyond,” 16; Kenez, Coming of the Holocaust, 244–48, 257. 320,000: Pohl, Verfolgung, 107. Arrow Cross: Jangfeldt, Hero of Budapest, 240.

Jews who were citizens Kenez comes to a similar conclusion: Coming of the Holocaust, 234.

When the war turned 29 April: Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 469. “Weltvergifter aller V?lker”: Hillgruber, “Gründlage,” 296.

Hitler was seeking to lift Cf. Bloxham, Final Solution, 7; Ther, Ciemna strona, 19.

Hitler was not Changing character of USSR: Table Talk, 587, 657, 661; Hitler to Antonescu, 26 March 1944, in Staatsm?nner, 398. Stronger man: Steinberg, “Third Reich,” 648; Kershaw, The End, 290; see also J?ckel, Hitler in History, 89.

Here, as with Estonia Van der Boom, “Ordinary Dutchmen,” 32, 42. Van der Boom argues that Dutch Jews were killed in such large numbers because they feared hiding more than deportation. As he points out, a Jew who tried to hide was sixty times more likely to survive in the Netherlands than a Jew who did not. But punishment for hiding was not unique to the Netherlands, and Jews survived in higher numbers elsewhere in German-dominated Europe without going into hiding. The fear of hiding might indeed be a special Dutch circumstance, but it cannot alone explain why a higher percentage of Dutch Jews were killed than, say, German or Romanian Jews. On Dutch antisemitism, see Wasserstein, Ambiguity, 22.

The Netherlands was, for several reasons Kwiet, Reichskommissariat Niederlande, 51–52.