Black Earth(164)

In the occupied zones Pity quotation: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 376. Reckoning of the number of Jews killed by the end of 1941: Brandon, “First Wave.”

The lessons of the USSR Some 1,500 Poles were among the collaborating police forces in the territories that are now Belarus. The Germans sought to reduce this number when they could, favoring Belarusians. See Dean, “Service of Poles,” 6. The main collaborating Polish formations were the 107th and the 202nd Schutzmannschaft Battalions. In general, Poles were recruited to such formations in times and places where Ukrainian policemen deserted in 1943 to form a Ukrainian partisan army. In some cases Poles joined such formations to avenge ethnic cleansing by Ukrainian nationalists. See Snyder, “Origins,” and Snyder, Reconstruction of Nations.

On January 30, 1942 Hillgruber, “Grundlage,” 286. Arendt noticed the problem with prophecy; see Origins.

That same month Quotation: Table Talk, 235. Leningrad estimate: Reid, Leningrad, 231. Estimate of about a million: Pohl, Herrschaft der Wehrmacht, 181; similarly Arad, Holocaust, 311. Africa and hunger motivation: Kuwa?ek, Vernichtungslager, 110–11. See also Madajczyk, “Generalplan Ost,” 17. Askaren: Black, “Askaris,” 279; Sandler, “Colonizers,” 8. The Germans said “Askaren”; in English “Askaris.”

No one had to say October: Heydrich, Husson, 437. See also Rieger, Globocnik, 60–61 and 103, where he dates the meeting to late September. For a list of the sites of oppression in the district, see Poprzeczny, Hitler’s Man, 208.

In the occupied Soviet Union Wasser, Raumplanung, 61, 77; Schelvis, Vernichtungslager Sobibór, 32, 41; Arad, Reinhard, 14; Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 468; Black, “Handlanger der Endl?sung,” 315. For the ethnic groups, see Black, “Askaris,” 290. Some western and Polish historians inexcusably follow the ethnicizing Soviet propagandistic and current Russian nationalist practice of referring to the Trawniki men as “Ukrainians.” Ukrainians were certainly among these people, but so was everyone else whom the Germans asked, including of course Russians.

From the west Poprzeczny, Hitler’s Man, 163, gives the figure of 94 staff from T-4; Berger, in the now-standard Experten, gives 120. Kuwa?ek in Vernichtungslager gives a total staff count of 453.

The program of mass killing On the process, see Arad, Reinhard, 44, 56; M?ynarczyk, Judenmord, 252, 257, 260; Pohl, Verfolgung, 94.

The practice of extermination Rieger, Globocnik, 115.

Many Jews yielded Productive: FVA, 147, David L. Ten people: FVA, 404, Marion C.

Most likely there was never February 1942: Witte et al., Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers, 353. See Pohl, Verfolgung, 95; Friedl?nder, Extermination, 343, 430. The foundational study of Operation Reinhard is Arad, Belzec. I provide descriptions of the murder at Treblinka in Bloodlands.

In Warsaw in late December See Moczarski, Rozmowy, 200. The course and suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising is discussed at greater length in Snyder, Bloodlands, chap. 9. See especially Bartoszewski, Warszawski pier?cień; Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations; Engelking and Leociak, Warsaw Ghetto; and, for a sense of how much work remains to be done on the subject, Libionka and Weinbaum, Bohaterowie.

The man who suppressed Quotation: Kershaw, Final Solution, 66.

That winter, Jews Orpo: Curilla, Judenmord, 837. Lange: Kuwa?ek, Vernichtungslager, 49. Stars of David: Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 686. See Mallmann, “Rozwi?za?,” 85–95; Friedl?nder, Extermination, 314–18.

In the General Government On the ?ód? ghetto, see L?w, Juden im Getto Litzmannstadt. Main task and dogs: Grabowski, Judenjagd, 9, 59.

In 1943 and 1944 Orpo responsibility: Browning, Ordinary Men, 121. Masses: Engelking and Grabowski, Przest?pczo??, 195.

There was a politics Markiel and Skibińska, Zag?ada domu, 23, 48. Posters: Cobel-Tokarska, Bezludna wyspa, 90. See also Skibińska, “Self-Portrait,” 469–71; Engelking, Losy ?ydów, 162, 188; Grabowski, Judenjagd, 24.

Poles were not always Krosno: R?czy, Pomóc Polaków, 44. ?bikowski, “Night Guard,” 513, 515, 517, 520, 524; Grabowski, Judenjagd, 82. Chronicle of collective reprisals: Madajczyk, Hitlerowski terror, 9 and passim.

Sometimes Poles in the countryside Order: Engelking and Grabowski, Przest?pczo??, 194–95. Engelking gives the example of a Polish policeman who refused to shoot a seven-year-old who begged for death, and instead rescued the boy. Losy ?ydów, 198. Examples of help in R?czy, Pomóc Polaków; and Hempel, Pogrobowcy.

In these conditions Grabowski, Judenjagd, 11, 69. The notion of the privatization of power, an Arendtian argument developed by Gross in Revolution from Abroad, might be useful applied in other settings.