Black Earth(161)

The commencement of mass killing What is meant is not the rationalities involved in what Foucault calls governmentality, but rather the deliberate destruction of government in a traditional sense in the name of biology and in the expectation that biology can then reassert itself. This destruction does not end politics but does create a new setting in which a new kind of politics emerges. See Naissance de la biopolitique, 316.

In a dark irony German beliefs: Benz, Kweit, and Math?us, Einsatz, 34.

To a degree The important notion of double collaboration was introduced by Gross in S?siedzi and has since figured in local studies such as Snyder, “Causes”; Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern und Hakenkreuz; Penter, Kohle; and Weiss-Wendt, Murder Without Hatred. It should be the topic of detailed empirical study.

The Soviet system was not See M?dykowski, W cieniu, 160.

What local people expected An Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) informer on OUN intelligence cooperation with Germany: “Komunikat Informacyjny,” 3 June 1932, AAN, MSW/1040/50–57.

As Ukrainian nationalists Propaganda inside Germany: Longerich, Davon, 159. Himka makes the point about ethnicization in “Ethnicity and Reporting.” The case of Oleksandr Kohut: Kachanovs’kyi, “OUN(b),” 220, 223. On the calculation of shooting prisoners: Carynnyk, “Palace,” 280–81.

In Lwów on July 25, 1941 Kill one Jew: Prusin, Lands Between, 158. Mizoch: HI, Anders Collection, 210/14/7746; HI, Anders Collection, 210/14/3327. On Mizoch in the Soviet period, see ?IH, 301/1795.

By reducing actual Ukrainian Klevan: ?IH, 301/1190, Abraham Kirschner. Dubno: ?IH, 301/2168, Pinches Fingerhut; Adini, Dubno: sefer zikaron, 698–701. On German confusion in Dubno: Carynnyk, “Palace,” 293. On police continuity: Bauer, The Death of the Shtetl, 64. For development of the double collaboration theme, see Snyder, “Causes,” 208–9.

Jews were ordered This recounting draws from Curilla, Judenmord, 246–51; and Bender, Jews of Bia?ystok, 90; see also Matth?us, “Controlled Escalation,” 223; Machcewicz, “Rund um Jedwabne,” 73–74. Ten men in small synagogue: FVA, 2903, Leon F.

In those days of late June Heydrich on 29 June: “Spurenlos auszul?sen, zu intensivieren wenn erforderlich und in die richtigen Bahnen zu lenken, ohne dass sich diese ?rtlichen ‘Selbstschutzkreise’ sp?ter auf Anordnungen oder auf gegebene politische Zusicherungen berufen k?nnen.” Cited in Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, vol. 43, 2010, Lfd. Nr. 856, 177–78. Score settling political but not ethnic: Machcewicz, “Rund um Jedwabne,” 72–73. The same was true in Romania; this will be discussed in a later chapter.

If Heydrich’s order Presence of Himmler with Kurt Daluege, the head of the Ordnungspolizei in Bia?ystok on 8 July: Bender, Jews of Bia?ystok, 94. Himmler’s disappointment: Rossino, “Violence,” 6. Himmler, Heydrich, G?ring interest: Dmitrów, “Die Einsatzgruppen,” 127, 145, 155.

The presence and preferences Police units: Dmitrów, “Die Einsatzgruppen,” 112–27; Machcewicz, “Rund um Jedwabne,” 75.

The Germans were learning The empirical argument is in Kopstein and Wittenberg, “Intimate Violence,” chap. 4. Local polarization seems to have general explanatory power: see Croes, “Holocaust in the Netherlands,” 484.

The most notorious pogrom Conditions: Kopstein and Wittenberg, “Intimate Violence,” chap. 4; Bikont, My z Jedwabnego; also Gross, S?siedzi, 29. Traitor: Gross, S?siedzi, 35; Sauerland, Polen, 83.

The scenography Flag: Gross, S?siedzi, 12. Cf. Ca?a, Antysemitizm, 433.

In northeastern Poland Machcewicz, “Rund um Jedwabne,” 65, 69, 70, 72.

The Jedwabne method Sauerland, Polen, 66; Machcewicz, “Rund um Jedwabne,” 86.

The presence or absence About 1,100 of the Jews murdered in Lithuania were killed in pogroms: less than one percent of the total number killed. Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 2:1512.

The Germans understood According to ?ossowski, Kraje ba?tyckie, 164, some 50,000 people left Lithuania as Germans during the Soviet period, of whom one-half returned.

The Lithuanian activists arrived Business figures from Levin, Lesser of Two Evils, 69.

The politics of mass killing In June 1941, the Lithuanian Communist Party was almost 40 percent Russian, about 46 percent Lithuanian, and 13 percent Jewish. The communist security police was about 46 percent Lithuanian, 36 percent Russian, and 17 percent Jewish in 1940. So in both cases Jews were considerably overrepresented by comparison to their share of the population but about a third as numerous as Lithuanians. Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:165–69.