Black Earth(157)

The men to whom Stern Bell, Terror, 48. For discussions among British diplomats and intelligence officers on the provenance of the weapons, see NA, CO/733/375/5.

Polish military intelligence There is a broad literature on Enigma in Polish and English. See, for example, K?rner, Pleasures of Counting, chap. 13; Gondek, Wywiad polski, 262–63; Kozaczuk and Straszak, Enigma, and Pep?oński, Kontrwywiad.

After 1933, Polish Mein Kampf, 145.

The Poles could be forgiven Decisive: Govrin, Jewish Factor, 33. 20 August: Haslam, Soviet Union, 227. Propaganda: Herf, Jewish Enemy, 104. See also Weissberg-Cybulski, Wielka Czystka, 520. Litvinov was fired on 3 May 1939.

By chance the World Zionist Congress Wasserstein, who recalls the scene in On the Eve, 427, departs a bit from the quotation as reported by Yiddish newspapers at the time.

Just as pertinent On propaganda harmony: Govrin, “Ilya Ehrenburg.” Equilibrium and blood: Weinberg, World at Arms, 25, 57.

Aside from Soviet Weber, On the Road to Armageddon, 92.

Avraham Stern in Palestine Stern on pact: Heller, “Zionist Right,” 101. Tank: Shapira, Land and Power, 198. See generally Hazani, “Red Carpet, White Lilies.”

Stern was about to lose Quotations: Mallmann, Einsatzgruppen, 54. See also B?hler, Der überfall, 15.

The invasion of Poland Parade: Moorhouse, Devils’ Alliance, 10–11. Bombing: B?hler, Der überfall, 169–72. Seven thousand: Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 18.

The German invasion of Poland Klafkowski, Okupacja niemiecka, 38, 41, 52, 55, 72, 73, 85, 95; Madajczyk, “Legal Conceptions,” 138, 143; Mazower, “International Civilization,” 556, 562. Mazower’s important arguments draw from Madajczyk, who draws in his turn from Klafkowski’s pioneering work, written immediately after the war. Klafkowski’s study was a response to Carl Schmitt, written from the perspective of an international lawyer who had experienced firsthand the practical implications of Schmitt’s arguments.

The nullification of statehood Virgin territory: Chapoutot, “Le loi de sang,” 330. Italians: Madajczyk, “Legal Conceptions,” 144.

The destruction of the Polish Massive extermination: Mańkowski, “Ausserordentliche,” 7. See Weitbrecht, Der Executionsauftrag, 17. Heydrich’s instructions: Husson, Heydrich, 201, 207.

The Einsatzgruppen killed about Heydrich quotation: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 69. On the combination of intentions and accidental discoveries in the German progression from Austria through Czechoslovakia to Poland, Mazower’s account is pioneering and persuasive. On the transition to stationary police, see Biskupska, “Extermination and the Elite.”

The first fragmentation Soup and bread: Sauerland, Polen, 90.

Much of Poland’s west More freedom of action: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 227. For the pidgin German and other examples, see Epstein, Model Nazi.

In the annexed zones Property and professions: Salmonowicz, “Z problemów,” 49; Salmonowicz, “Tragic Night,” 13; Engelking and Grabowski, Przest?pczo??, 14.

The creation of ghettos Urynowicz, “Stosunki,” 555; Klukowski, Zamojszczyzna, 135. On property acquisition and hostility: Staub, “Origins and Evolution of Hate,” 52. Rape: B?hler, Der überfall, 19; L?w and Roth, Juden in Krakau, 27–30. On ghettos, cf. Michman, Emergence, 95. It is worth considering Arendt’s discussion of colonialism in Africa in this light: Origins, 206.

For most Poles, the ghettoizations L?w and Roth make similar points in Juden in Krakau, 19, 27.

The Jews sent to the ghettos See generally Trunk, Judenrat; also L?w and Roth, Juden in Krakau, 16.

New Jewish police forces Szeryński: Friedl?nder, Extermination, 156. Revisionists: Trunk, Judenrat, 490; this was the case in Lithuania as well, according to Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 2:1056. Duties: Engelking and Leociak, Warsaw Ghetto, 204, 207. Informers: Finkel, “Victim’s Politics,” 192.

Then that order changed Hempel, Pogrobowcy, 24, 20, 38, 43, 85, 87, 168, 170, 183, 184, 435. Thirty thousand: Curilla, Judenmord, 837. On the siege of Warsaw, see Biskupska, “Extermination and the Elite.” Racialization: Seidel, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 184ff. No punishment of Germans: Browning, Ordinary Men, 170.

Jews, not seen as a race Rickshaws: Engelking and Leociak, Warsaw Ghetto, 108. Tourism: See Harvey, Women, 131. There was a Baedeker guide to the General Government.

The Nazi racial policy See Rutherford, Prelude, 56–88.

In practice, Himmler Figures from Rutherford, Prelude, 9. Heydrich: Brandon, “Deportation,” 77–78, 86. Eichmann: Polian, “H?tte der Holocaust,” 3, 4, 19.