Black Earth(156)

Even as London and Paris Troikas: Petrov and Roginskii, “Pol’skaia operatsiia,” 30–31. Completely destroyed: Jansen and Petrov, Loyal Executioner, 96.

Throughout the territory of Soviet Ukraine Village to village: Stroński, Represje, 235; Iwanow, Pierwszy naród, 153; Kupczak, Polacy na Ukrainie, 327. 1,226: Nikol’skij, “Die Kulakenoperation,” 635.

That was the day that Hitler Ragsdale, Munich Crisis, 167.

Czechoslovakia had no part Osterloh, Reischsgau Sudetenland, 186–98; Husson, Heydrich, 84. Seventeen thousand and banking: Rothkirchen, Jews of Bohemia, 78–79 and 105–6.

Poland bordered all parties Artificial creation: JPI, 67/3/11, Beck to Lipski, 19 September 1938. Absurdity: Zarański, Diariusz, 225.

Poland looked like a German Position: JPI, 67/76, Lipski to Beck, 12 November 1938; Moltke to Berlin, Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, D, 5:87.

The destruction of Austria Segal, “Imported Violence,” 315–17; Jelinek, Carpathian Diaspora, 227; Roos, Polen, 375. Lukacs is unusual among scholars writing in English in drawing attention to this admittedly complicated issue. Last European War, 34 and passim.

As 1939 began, Hitler Hitler and Beck, Memorandum of Conversation, 5 January 1939; and Ribbentrop and Beck, Memorandum of Conversation, 9 January 1939; [conversation of 6 January], Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, D, 5:153, 160. See also Müller, Der Feind, 110.

Hitler’s problem was Ribbentrop and Beck, Memorandum of Conversation, 1 February 1939 [conversation of 26 January], Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, D, 5:168; Zarański, Diariusz, 484; New York Times, 25 January 1939. On 25–26 January as the turning point: Roos, Polen, 395–96; Kershaw, Hitler, 475.

The day of Ribbentrop’s return This interpretation is more or less standard among diplomatic historians such as Roos, Ciencia?a, Kornat, and Karski who use the Polish as well as the German sources. These leave no doubt that Polish diplomats were working hard to keep up an appearance of rapprochement with Germany while never considering joining Germany in an offensive war. The idea of a German “illusion” also appears in Korzec, Juifs en Pologne, 255.

Hitler decided to eliminate Kornat, Polen, 158, 169, 174.

On March 21, 1939, Press coordination: Roos, Polen, 135. As late as 1938: JPI, 67/3/11, “Sprawozdanie P. Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych z Ministrem Propagandy Rzeszy Dr. Goebellsem w obecno?ci Amb. R. P. w Berlinie Lipskiego,” 13 January 1938. Historians of Germany often treat March 1939 rather than January as the moment of the decisive break with Poland. This confuses the mass politics with the diplomacy. In March, Hitler publicized demands that he knew that the German public would find popular and that he could expect that Western states might find reasonable, but which were already irrelevant to the German-Polish discussion, the main subjects of which had been the USSR and the Jews. This is clear from the diplomatic correspondence on both the German and the Polish sides and unmistakable in the Polish memoir material. The confrontation of September 1939 was never about Danzig and the corridor; presenting it that way requires an indulgently literal reading of limited German sources and the exclusion of two important contexts: Hitler’s prior convictions and, of course, the subsequent Second World War.

The Poles were in a relatively Satellite status: Roos, Polen, 380–81. Pasture: Cienciala, Lebedeva, and Materski, Foreign Policy, 148. Honor: Wandycz, “Poland,” 203.

Yet neither the collapse HI, Polish Embassy London, Jewish Emigration from Poland 1939, Consular Department Warsaw to Washington, 10 June 1939; HI, Polish Embassy London, Jewish Emigration 1938, Consular Department in Warsaw to Paris, 23 November 1938; HI, Polish Embassy London, Jewish Emigration 1938, “Problem emigracji ?ydowskiej,” official policy paper, 20 December 1938. See also JPI, 67/3/14, “Krótkie sprawozdanie z rozmowy Pana Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych z p. Himmlerem w Warszawie,” 18 February 1939.

Polish relations with Britain Geneva: NA, CO/733/368/5/29–31; NA, CO/733/368/5/37–39.

When Beck flew to London Ambassador in Warsaw: Kennard to Cadogan, 7 March 1939; Halifax to Kennard, 8 March 1939, in Documents on British Foreign Policy, Third Series, 3:203, 205. For the broader setting: Pedersen, “Impact of League Oversight,” especially at 60. See also Mallmann and Cüppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz, 27; Wasserstein, On the Eve, 413.

Despite Warsaw’s new A million: Wasserstein, On the Eve, 412. Make the case: Shavit, Jabotinsky, 221.

Between February and May Details of training: Lankin, To Win, 35–37; Shilon, Menachem Begin, 149. See also Yisraeli, “ha-Raikh,” 317; Drymmer, “Zagadnienie,” 71; Heller, Stern Gang, 46. Significance: Weinbaum, Marriage of Convenience, 146–49. A list of the Irgun members trained is in Niv, M’arkhot ha-Irgun, 172. Unfriendly quotation: Lankin, To Win, 32.