Black Earth(151)

In Hitler’s ecology Cf. Pollack, Kontaminierte Landschaften.

During a death march Ozsváth, In the Footsteps of Orpheus, 203, translation at 207.





2. Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow


In the six years after Müller, Der Feind, 43.

After the failure of his coup Hitler’s tactical reticence: Koonz, Nazi Conscience, 11, 12, 21, 25, 22. See also Mosse, Nationalization, 183; Confino, World Without Jews, 151; Engel, Holocaust, 20. On the actual theological compromises that later followed, see Heschel, Aryan Jesus.

After his release Kershaw, Hitler Myth, 230, 233, and passim; Sémelin, Purifier, 89; Koenen, Russland-Komplex, 390, 413, 415; Bloxham, Final Solution, 143; McDonough, Hitler, 79. On Hitler’s voters, see King et al., “Ordinary Voting Behavior.” Cf. Hagen’s judgment that Hitler was a “dangerously self-confident, indefatigable and politically canny man.” German History, 275.

In reality, National Socialism Quotation: Deutsch?sterreichische Tageszeitung, March 3, 1933. See Koenen, Russland-Komplex, 415.

In 1933, Hitler emerged For a precise discussion see Pauer-Studer, “Einleitung,” 15–17.

In the weeks and months Exemptions and numbers of Polish Jews: Maurer, “Background for ‘Kristallnacht,’?” 49–51. Counterboycott: Weiss, Deutsche und polnische Juden, 169–79.

An initial inspiration Second Book, 27, 37, 66. See Bloxham, Final Solution, 59–65; Piskorski, Wygnańcy, 34–60; and more broadly Ferrara and Pianciola, Migrazioni forzate, 39–95.

Hitler was, to a point Second Book, 17. A sophisticated discussion is Tooze, Wages of Destruction.

He respected the Balkan Model Citation from Neumann, Behemoth, 139; “sticky mass” from Karin von Schulmann, cited in Harvey, Women, 119. Cf. J?ckel, Hitler in History, 30: “There is abundant evidence that all the major decisions in the Third Reich were made by Hitler, and there is equally abundant evidence that the regime was largely anarchic and can thus be described as a polycracy. The misunderstanding is to suppose that the two observations are contradictory and that only one of them can be true.”

The theoretical reconciliation I consider the consequences of this difference in Bloodlands.

In 1934, Hitler was 1934: Evans, Third Reich in Power, 42. Civil servants: Bloxham, Final Solution, 156–57.

The classic definition of the state The perceptive observer Antoni Sobański also noticed that the uniforms were a way to cover previous affiliations, especially in Berlin. Cywil w Berlinie, 53.

Hitler’s third innovation Cf. Arendt, Origins, 131, 155.

The outlines of this For the larger setting of the SA-SS-Wehrmacht interaction, see Evans, Third Reich in Power, 21–39. Schmitt: Zarka, Un détail, 11.

Whereas the SA had stood Cf. Wildt, Uncompromising Generation, 127.

This mission of deferred supremacy Ingrao, Believe, 65, 101.

After its triumph Himmler: Wildt, Uncompromising Generation, 135. Iron heart: Fest, Das Gesicht, 139.

In 1937, Himmler established Buchheim, “Die H?heren SS-und Polizeiführer,” 563, 570, 585. See Angrick and Klein, “Final Solution,” 41; Bloxham, Final Solution, 204; MacLean, Field Men, 12.

Among the limited responsibilities Dachau: Goeschel and Wachsmann, “Introduction,” 14; Roseman, “Lives of Others,” 447.

Hitler’s sixth political innovation See Wildt, Uncompromising Generation, 128.

After Hitler’s takeover This subject, at the heart of Holocaust studies, has been developed superbly elsewhere, and so is treated briefly here. These examples from Husson, Heydrich, 50, 65. My argument here follows the analysis of Longerich in Politik der Vernichtung. On Schmitt, see Zarka, Un détail, 19–20.

At the same time Weltjudentum: One of the many acute observations in Klemperer, Language of the Third Reich, here at 26–27. Book burnings: Confino, World Without Jews, 46–47.

Hitler’s final innovation SS: Jureit, Das Ordnen von R?umen, 395. 1938: Heim, “Einleitung,” 16.

The German calamity of 1918 The fundamental study of statebuilding remains Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland. On the National Democratic mindset, see Porter, When Nationalism. Porter notes the significance of chronotopes, making a case similar to the one I try to make in the opening and closing chapters. On the politics of culture, see Shore, Caviar and Ashes.

Poland was a new state Taxes: Rothschild, “Ethnic Peripheries,” 602. Generally: Polonsky, Jews of Poland and Russia, vol. 3.