Black Earth(153)

For Polish leaders Memoirs: Müller, Der Feind, 75. Hitler and generals: Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland, 2. See also Simms, Europe, 361; Cienciala, “Foreign Policy,” 136.

Moscow had its own Kuromiya, Stalin, 141 and passim. For a longer discussion see Snyder, Bloodlands, chap. 3.

In the five years between See Snyder, Bloodlands, chap. 3. For an introduction to the Great Terror, see Gellately, Stalin’s Curse, 34–46. On numbers of arrests, see Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 229.

As the Polish Operation began Naumov, Stalin i NKVD, 299.





3. The Promise of Palestine


Naturally, there were Polish [Jerzy Niezbrzycki], 8 June 1935, CAW, I.303.4.1926.

The end of a political life I am using “National Democrats” to describe the party known as Stronnictwo Narodowe. On the goals of pogroms, see Ca?a, Antysemityzm, 349; Melzer, No Way Out, 22; Korzec, Juifs en Pologne, 247; Rudnicki, Równi, 148. For a first survey of their extent, see ?yndul, Zaj?cia anty?ydowskie.

In 1935, responsibility Transfer of responsibility: Weinbaum, Marriage of Convenience, 7. OZON: Melzer, No Way Out, 27–29; Hagen, “Before the ‘Final Solution,’?” 373; Jabotinsky, War and the Jew, 86. Jewish wife of Miedziński: Wynot, “?‘Necessary Cruelty,’?” 1051.

The man responsible All citizens: HI, Polish Embassy Washington, Jews alphabetical files, Refugees, Warsaw to Washington, 20 May 1938. Beck’s analysis of global political economy: New York Times, 30 January 1937; JPI, 34/7, Józef Beck, “Wspomnienia,” 143. Drymmer’s analysis: “Zagadnienie ?ydowskie,” 66. 150,000: Weinbaum, Marriage of Convenience, 45. First of all: New York Times, 14 June 1937.

The question of the settlement 1885, Madagassez, Blum, explorers: Brechtken, Madagaskar, 16, 57, 98, 120; see also Korzec, Juifs en Pologne, 250.

Polish authorities also allowed 1926: Friedman, Roads, 44. Blum’s understanding: JPI, 34/7, Józef Beck, “Wspomnienia,” 146. Nationalists: Drymmer, W s?u?bie, 153. French nationalists: Marrus and Paxton, Vichy, 61. Understanding Zionism: “Palestine: Polish Attitude,” NA, CO/733/352/6.

Hitler’s Jewish policy 130,000: Heim, “Einleitung,” 13. 50,000: Husson, Heydrich, 68. Riots: Morris, Righteous Victims, 128–38.

London at first reacted British and German position: Yisraeli, ha-Raikh, 2; Yisraeli, “Germany and Zionism,” 158–59. German consul: Herf, Jewish Enemy, 27–28; Mallmann and Cüppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz, 51, 53.

The Polish position differed A good summary of the Polish position in 1937 is Szembek to London, 18 March 1937, AAN, MSZ 322/18497/35. Boundaries: Drymmer, “Zagadnienie,” 66, quotation at 70. Sinai and Jordan: NA, CO/733/368/5/30 and 34; also on extension “towards the south,” Aveling to Eden, 26 July 1937, NA, CO/733/352/6/46. The British were completely aware of public and official opposition to their policy, but did not seem to suspect where it would lead: Aveling to Eden, 14 July 1937, NA, CO/733/352/6. Arms and training to Haganah: Melzer, No Way Out, 142, 152; Weinbaum, Marriage of Convenience, 158. See also New York Times, 9 July 1937. It seems there were two distinct aspects of the Polish policy of military support of Zionism: (1) more or less open support of the Haganah, and thus the left wing, with arms and training, arranged by the general staff, with some payment from the Jewish side; and (2) clandestine support of the Revisionists, and thus the right wing, arranged by the consular section of the ministry of foreign affairs, with no payment from the Jewish side.

The world Zionist movement Evacuation plan: Melzer, No Way Out, 136. See also Engel, “Historical Objectivity,” 578.

Jabotinsky wanted Poland Syria: Weinbaum, Marriage of Convenience, 113.

Jabotinsky’s power base The basic work on this subject is now Heller, “Rise of the Zionist Right”; for these details see 19, 20, 35, 54, 144, 149, 158, 246. Model: Shindler, Military Zionism, 131, 138, 191; Shindler, Military Zionism, 129. Dream: Heller, Stern Gang, 24.

Both Menachim Begin and another Shapira, Land and Power, 196–202, 242. Romantic poets: Shamir, Summing Up, 6; Shilon, Menachem Begin, 11, 16.

After Pi?sudski’s death Heller, “Rise of the Zionist Right,” 144, 145, 162. Also Heller, Stern Gang, 26; Weinbaum, Marriage of Convenience, 35. On Trempeldor: Zertal, Israel’s Holocaust, 13–14.

Yet disagreement about the meaning Legacies of Pi?sudski: Shindler, Military Zionism, 138, 205. Confrontation: Shilon, Menachem Begin, 18; Heller, “Zionist Right,” 93.