Black Earth(150)

The destruction of the Soviet Union Mein Kampf, 73. The fundamental work on the Hunger Plan is Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde. Quotation from Kay, Exploitation, 133; see also 162–63. On Generalplan Ost see Madajczyk, “Generalplan Ost,” 13; and more recently Wasser, Himmlers Raumplanung; and Aly and Heim, Vordenker der Vernichtung.

If the war did not See Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 57.

The Judeobolshevik myth Cf. Koselleck, Futures Past, at 222, where he notes that Hitler distinguished between three levels of secrecy: what he told his immediate circle, what he kept to himself, and what even he himself did not dare to think through.

From the perspective of Berlin The Bolshevik Revolution is known as the “October Revolution” because it took place, according to the Julian calendar in force at the time in the Russian Empire, in October. By the Gregorian calendar the revolution began in November.

Before the revolutions of 1917 This compresses a long and complex history that is expertly told in Polonsky, Jews of Poland and Russia. Lohr estimates that a Jewish subject of the Russian Empire was 184 times more likely to emigrate than a Russian subject of the Russian Empire. Russian Citizenship, 86.

Jews inhabited the western Poliakov, Histoire de l’antisémitisme, 379; Lohr, Nationalizing, 14, 16, 24, 138, 139, 146. The special feature of the pogroms of 1915 was the direct role of the army: Lohr, “1915,” 41–42. On theft: Wróbel, “Seeds of Violence,” 131. See also Prusin, Nationalizing, 42, 55; Wasserstein, On the Eve, 309. Two of Marc Chagall’s most famous paintings, Cemetery Gates (1914) and Newspaper Seller (1917) are associated with the Holocaust; in fact they portray this period.

In the minds of Europeans Creates a Jewish question: Pergher and Roseman, “Imperial genocide,” 44. Begin: Shilon, Menachem Begin, 6; Stern: Heller, Stern Gang, 100. Sixty thousand: Budnitskii, Russian Jews, 76. See also Stanislawski, “Russian Jewry,” 281. The continuities of violent practice are a major theme of Holquist, Making War.

The other side generally Budnitskii, Russian Jews, 90, 176, 213 and passim; Herbeck, Das Feindbild, 285–87; Beyrau, “Der Erste Weltkrieg,” 103, 107; Lohr, “1915,” 49; Lohr, Russian Citizenship, 122, 130; Lohr, Nationalizing, 150; Wróbel, “Seeds of Violence,” 137; Dieckmann, “Jüdischer Bolschewismus,” 59–64. Hitler on the Protocols: Mein Kampf, 302. He seems to be aware that they are not authentic, but accepts their logic. The Protocols are often described as a forgery. But a forgery is an imitation of something real, and here nothing is real. The Protocols were a fiction that enabled life within a fictional world.

Germany backed Offer, Agrarian Interpretation, 50; Golczewski, Deutsche und Ukrainer, 240ff. Some Germans found it possible even in 1918 to imagine Ukraine as empty space: see Jureit, Das Ordnen von R?umen, 165; but compare Liulevicius, War Land. German war aims in the East are still a matter of much discussion. The debate centers around Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht.

Once Germany was defeated See Abramson, Prayer for the Government; Dieckmann, “Jüdischer Bolschewismus,” 59–61. The association of Jews, Bolshevism, and pogroms reached even the best of minds. Vladimir Nabokov, for example, explained pogroms by the prominence of Jews in the revolution. Schl?gel, “Einleitung,” 15–16.

The vanquished adherents January 1920: Schl?gel, “Einleitung,” 15. On the Soviet representative Viktor Kopps and the “destruction” (unichtozhenie) of the Jews: ibid., 18. On Scheubner-Richter’s plans for Ukraine and Russia, see Snyder, Red Prince, chap. 6. See generally Stein, Adolf Hitler, 104–8; Kellogg, Russian Roots, 12, 65, 75, 218; Liulevicius, German Myth, 176; Dieckmann, “Jüdischer Bolschewismus,” 69–75.

The Judeobolshevik idea On the adaptation of Christian images to political purposes see Herbeck, Das Feindbild, 105–65. For a military history of the Polish-Bolshevik War, see Davies, White Eagle. On the European settlement as of 1921 see Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917–1921; and Borz?cki, Soviet-Polish Peace.

The Judeobolshevik myth seemed I am instructed by J?ckel’s judgment: “Perhaps never in history did a ruler write down before he came to power what he was to do afterward as precisely as did Adolf Hitler,” in Hitler in History, 23. But within Hitler’s two books there is a political logic that must be explicated before the next two problems can be solved: how Hitler could come to power (a minor subject here), and how he could implement his ideas after he came to power (a major subject here). What might seem to be weaknesses in the thought proved to be opportunities in practice, and so the thought must be presented first.