Black Earth(152)

The question of loyalty Benecke, Ostgebiete, 95–100.

Polish patriotism spread Rothschild made a number of these points concisely in East Central Europe.

Their differences For a forthright study of antisemitic language in the interwar church, see Porter-Szücs, Faith.

Dmowski’s opponent For introductions to the old commonwealth and the period of the partitions that followed, see Stone, State; and Wandycz, Lands.

Pi?sudski’s moment was The surest guide remains Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland.

When Pi?sudski returned to power See generally Rothschild, Coup; Chojnowski, Pi?sudczycy u w?adzy. On Agudat, see Bacon, Politics of Tradition. On the BBWR and Jews: Dowództwo Okr?gu Korpusu II, “Referat o sytuacji politycznonarodowo?ciowej DOK II,” August 1, 1929, CAW, I.371.2/A.88; Dowództwo Okr?gu Korpusu II, “Referat o sytuacji politycznonarodowo?ciowej DOK II,” November 10, 1930, CAW, I.371.2/A.88; Spektor, “?ydzi wo?yńscy,” 570. On Ukrainians, see Snyder, Sketches.

Pi?sudski brought a fake Tomaszewski, “Civil Rights,” 125.

Pi?sudski’s fundamental respect The guide to the intellectual background is Walicki, Philosophy.

For Pi?sudski neither Russia A profound study of Pi?sudski’s visions of Russia is Nowak, Trzy Rosje.

Pi?sudski was perfectly aware On his relationship with Marxism and Marxists, see Snyder, Nationalism.

Pi?sudski and his comrades I am in accord with Daniel Beauvois that the basic relationship between the early modern Polish-speaking aristocracy and the Ukrainian populations was a colonial one. But after four centuries, the end of the commonwealth, generations of common experiences under the Russian Empire, and the emergence of modern ideas of socialism and nationalism, it no longer makes sense to use this reductive framework in the twentieth century. Many of the Poles of this milieu were able to see Ukraine by analogy as a fellow nation. The National Democrats saw Ukrainians as pre-national but as human, and as such possibly assimilable to the Polish nation. Here the difference between the Polish and the German elites might be seen as postcolonial versus precolonial.

After Pi?sudski’s return to power See Snyder, Sketches; Copeaux, “Le mouvement”; and the continuing stream of publications by Kuromiya and Pep?oński. See also M?drzecki, Województwo wo?yńskie; K?sik, zaufany Komendanta; Schenke, Nationalstaat und nationale Frage.

The Soviet, Polish, and German On this transformation, see Viola, Unknown Gulag; Khlevniuk, Gulag; Werth, La terreur; Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain.

In Moscow, Warsaw, and Berlin Collectivization was the central element of the First Five-Year Plan of 1928–1933. It began in earnest in the first weeks of 1930.

This policy brought massive The sequence of events is described in Snyder, Bloodlands, chap. 1, which cites a number of the primary sources. On resistance, see, for example, Graziosi, “Révoltes paysannes.” For a broad sample of published Soviet archival sources, see Zelenin et al., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni.

From the beginning A village flees: Protokó? wywiadowczy, 28 March 1930, CAW, I.303.4.6982. Kiss feet and European states: “Protokó?,” 23 April 1930, CAW, I.303.4.6982. Misery and oppression: K.O.P., Placówka Wywiadowcza Nr. 10, “Protokól,” 25 November 1933, CAW, I.303.4.6906.

A deliberate mass starvation Forces at border: Placówka Wywiadowcza 9 Czortków, K.O.P., “Wiadomo?ci wojskowe,” 3 April 1930, CAW, I.303.4.6982; “Wiadomo??i zakordonowe,” Równe, 1 April 1930, CAW, I.303.4.6982.

Polish diplomats in Soviet Ukraine Five million: J. Karszo-Siedlewski, “Sytuacja na Ukrainie,” 2 October 1933, CAW, I.303.4.1881. Weep: J. Karszo-Siedlewski, Kharkiv, 4 February 1933. On the streets: [Józefina Pisarczykówna] to [Jerzy Niezbrzycki], 13 June 1933, CAW, I.303.4.2099. Villages: [Leon Mitkiewicz] to [Second Department, Referat Wschód, Warsaw], 6 June 1933, CAW, I.303.4.1928. Militia: Falk, Sowjetische St?dte, 298–300. Loyal: [Jerzy Niezbrzycki] to [Piotr Kurnicki], 16 March 1933, CAW, I.303.4.1993.

The withdrawal of the Poles Ukrainians: [Piotr Kurnicki], Report on public opinion in Soviet Ukraine, 1935, CAW, I.303.4.1993, quotation at 1. The Polish government had reports from its border guards as well as from Ukrainians who had fled the famine. Its sources of information were bountiful. See, for example, the reports from Ukrainians in CAW, I.303.4.5559 and “Zagadnienie Ukrainizacji,” 12 December 1933, CAW, I.303.4.2011.

The political famine Preemptive attack: Pasztor, “Problem wojny prewencyjnej”; Simms, Europe, 346.