Black Earth(155)

Most important was what the Poles See Staatsm?nner, 557; JPI, 67/3/14, “Krótkie sprawozdanie z rozmowy Pana Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych z p. Himmlerem w Warszawie,” 18 February 1939. The Himmler quotation is from somewhat later, May 1940, but it conveys the basic difference in attitudes. Kühnl, Der deutsche Faschismus, 329.

Warsaw’s political vision reached HI, Polish Embassy London, Jewish Emigration 1938, Consular Department Warsaw [Drymmer] to Jerusalem, 16 December 1938. See also HI, Polish Embassy London, Polish Consulate General in Jerusalem, Jerusalem to Warsaw, 4 July 1939.





4. The State Destroyers


The Austria where Erika Erika M. quotations: FVA, 2617. On the idea of Lebensunf?higkeit: Pauley, “The Social and Economic Background.” Figures: Heim, “Einleitung,” 27, 31.

The contradictory Austria These themes are developed at lurid length in the second chapter of Mein Kampf.

Although Hitler did not For richer discussions, contrast Steininger, “Road to the Anschluss” and Gehl, Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss. See also Stourzh, Vom Reich zur Republik. On National Socialism in interwar Austria, see Pollack, Der Tote im Bunker.

Yet for Erika M. See Rabinbach, Crisis.

Beyond Vienna, the leading On Friedrich von Wiesner and Jews and monarchism, see Vasari, Leidenschaft, 114; Snyder, Red Prince, chap. 7.

Austria’s major political conflict On interwar Austrian politics, see Goldinger and Binder, Geschichte der Republik ?sterreich; and then Steininger, Der Staatsvertrag.

The Nazis were never Heim, “Einleiting,” 31–32.

The rise of Hitler Ibid., 17.

Erika M. was right Klamper, “?‘Anschlusspogrom,’?” 25; Botz, Nationalsozialismus in Wien, 136. A spiritual portrait of the moment is Stefan Zweig’s Schachnovelle, in which the action takes place in the year between the destruction of Austria and the destruction of Czechoslovakia.

The next morning the Hecht, “Demütigungsrituale,” 41, 43; Raggam-Blesch, “Anschluss-Pogrom,” 112, 119; Botz, Nationalsozialismus in Wien, 127. Amusement: FVA, 1224, Ernest Pollack. Journalist: Gedye, Betrayal, 9–10.

The symbolic destruction of Jewish status Hecht, “Demütigungsrituale,” 53, 67; Heim, “Einleitung,” 35.

The “scrubbing parties” were FVA, 1371, Herman R.; Gedye, Betrayal, 297. See also Petscher, Anschluss, 43–47; Der Standard, 2 March 2013; and Botz, “?‘Judenhatz,’?” 19.

The Austrian satirist Karl Kraus All of a sudden: FVA, 3970, Charles H.

What Austrian Nazis managed See Dean, Robbing the Jews, 86, 94, 105, 109. G?ring: Aly and Heim, Vordenker, 33.

In 1938, some sixty thousand Jews Figures: Heim, “Einleitung,” 44.

Avraham Stern, the radical Zionist See Wasserstein, On the Eve, 371; Stern: FVA, 226, William N.

On March 15, 1938 Polish approaches to the United States: HI, Polish Embassy Washington, Jewish alphabetical files, Warsaw to Washington, “Notatka do rozmowy z sekretarzem stanu,” 15 March 1938; HI, Polish Embassy London, Jewish Emigration 1938, Warsaw to Washington, 20 May 1938.

Polish diplomats worked Drymmer, W s?uzbie, 151; Tomaszewski, Preludium, 70; Weiss, Deutsche und polnische Juden, 195; quotation of Drymmer from Skóra, S?uniba konsularna, 582. Mechanism: JPI, 67/76, Lipski to Beck, 12 November 1938.

The Nazis understood the implications Tomaszewski, Preludium, 114; Weiss, Deutsche und polnische Juden, 200. See also chapter 3. The SS had learned lessons from two prior and smaller attempts at expulsion in 1938: Soviet Jews and Jews from the Burgenland.

In European capitals in 1938 The mutual reinforcement is a theme of Wasserstein, On the Eve.

The Grynszpan family Kirsch, Short Strange Life, quotation at 82–83.

Some of the top Nazis saw an See Hilberg, Destruction, 1:94–95.

With Kristallnacht, Goebbels Benz, “Pogrom und Volksgemeinschaft,” 13; J?ckel, “Der November pogrom,” 67–71; Engel, Holocaust, 21; Husson, Heydrich, 100; Kershaw, Hitler Myth, 238; Bajohr and Pohl, Der Holocaust, 43.

Hitler did nothing to defend Friedman, Roads, 45. G?ring now spoke of Madagascar: see Polian, “H?tte der Holocaust,” 4; Steinweis, Kristallnacht, 45. See also Hilberg, Destruction, 1:46. Henryk Grynberg notices this chain of events: Monolog, 10.

Czechoslovakia was thus like Ragsdale, Munich Crisis, 167.

Czechoslovakia was a creation See Khlevniuk, Stalin, 162–63.

Unfortunately for the French 50 percent of officers killed: Wieczorkiewicz, ?ańcuch, 296. See Ragsdale, Munich Crisis, 36.