Black Earth(160)

In the first half of 1940 NKVD: Hrynevych, Nepryborkane riznoholossia, 299.

With the wider world unattainable Quotation: Rabin, Vishnivits: sefer zikaron, 315. See Melnyk, “Stalinist Justice,” 231. The Lesser of Two Evils is the title of Levin’s classic work.

Before the consecutive Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:87, 95, 127, 128. On absence of pogroms see Sirutavi?ius and Staliūnas, “Was Lithuania,” 146–50.

By the standards of Europe 23,000: Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:144. 1,500: ?ossowski, Kraje ba?tyckie, 145–47. Lemkin: See his Totally Unofficial, 29.

As a result of the German-Soviet On the pogrom, see Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:142.

In late 1939 and early 1940 Quotations: Levin, Lesser of Two Evils, 198; Klarman to Levin, 8 November 1939, NA, KV/2/2251/4a; NA, KV/2/2251/1a. Zionists: Bender, Jews of Bia?ystok, 66; also the memoir of Good, “?‘Jerushalayim,’?” 13–14. Base: Hrynevych, Nepryborkane riznoholossia, 294. On the Lithuanian-Polish question in Vilnius, see Snyder, Reconstruction of Nations, chaps. 1–4.

The position of Jews Ezergailis, Holocaust in Latvia, 63, 69, 83. Angrick and Klein, Final Solution, 12. On the Agudat movement see Bacon, Politics of Tradition.

The subsequent and rapid Weiss-Wendt emphasizes humiliation in his account of Estonia (Murder Without Hatred, 39), as does Plavnieks in his fine dissertation “Nazi Collaborators,” 41. Dieckmann favors the notion of shame: Deutsche Besatzsungspolitik, 1:114.

The political resource included Repatriation: MacQueen, “White Terror,” 98. Lithuanians: Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 92–95. Weiss-Wendt estimates at least 1,821 Latvians (and 2,055 Estonians; Estonia will be discussed in a later chapter). Murder Without Hatred, 36.

The timing of the Soviet Dieckmann gives a range of 16,989 to 17,500: Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:152. A Soviet report gives the figure of 9,817 shot in prison, 1,439 shot on the convoys, and another 1,059 who died on the convoys for an unspecified reason. Vladimirtsev, NKVD-MVD, 67–68.





6. The Greater Evil


“The epoch of statehood” In his famous Der Begriff des Politischen of 1932, discussed in Jureit, Das Ordnen von R?umen, 358. It is true that Schmitt was criticized from within the party for being too attached to the conventional state. But what he meant by a “total state” is not an ever larger one, but rather one that is defined by the animal, pre-political energy of the racial party, which is to create a “total revolution.” See Faye, “Carl Schmitt,” 164, 171.

Beyond manipulation itself Quotations: Schmitt, “Grossraum Order,” 105, 124, 101. See Gross, Carl Schmitt and the Jews, 147–49, and Nunan, “Translator’s Introduction.” Cf. Sternhell, Les anti-Lumières, 618.

Schmitt believed that the Infection: Schmitt, “Er?ffnung,” 15. Jurists: Chapoutot, “Le loi de sang,” 310–12. Seyss-Inquart quotation: Liulevicius, German Myth, 171.

Frank, Hitler’s personal Frank quotations: Frank, “Einleitung,” 141–42; Frank, “Ansprach,” 9. Theft of silver: Snyder, Red Prince, chap. 9. His wife’s robbery of the ghetto: L?w and Roth, Juden in Krakau, 27.

Lawyers were extremely Mallmann, Einsatzgruppen, 23.

Germany at war remained This argument from politics is influenced by Longerich’s Politik der Vernichtung; what seems crucial is to extend political argument beyond the borders of the prewar Reich to the lands where the Holocaust took place, and beyond German actors to those with whom they interacted.

As the Einsatzgruppen followed Churchill quotation: Saviello, “Policy,” 24.

The Holocaust has Calculation of one million: Brandon, “First Wave.” See Benz, Kweit, and Math?us, Einsatz, 33. In March 1941, Heydrich proposed to G?ring a plan for the deportation of Jews to Siberia. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 747; Kay, Exploitation, 109.

Sometimes the Einsatzgruppen who followed Basic task is state destruction: Husson, Heydrich, 310.

Antisemitism cannot fully Benz, Kweit, and Math?us, Einsatz, 73. See Angrick, Besatzungspolitik.

Even the most hidebound Nazis This nazified line of reasoning is resonant today. I try to explain why in Snyder, “Commemorative Causality.” On Lithuanian pogroms: Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 2:1512 and passim.

After the war, Soviet On the postwar campaigns against Ukrainian and Lithuanian nationalists, which form the backdrop for these arguments, see Snyder, Reconstruction.

It is tempting to imagine The most useful synthesis is now Polonsky, Jews in Poland and Russia, vol. 3. Cf. Longerich, Davon, 161; Ezergailis, Holocaust in Latvia, 13–15.