Black Earth(163)

The Judeobolshevik myth Rabin, Vishnivits: sefer zikaron, 300.

In doubly occupied western Valuable on the entire period and on the question of nationalism beyond western Ukraine is Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair.

In Zhytomyr, the major city On the terror in Zhytomyr, see chapter 2. Leaflets: Lower, Nazi Empire-Building, 34.

When war came to Zhytomyr For the exchange see Lower, “German Colonialism,” 22. See also Lower, Nazi Empire-Building, 34–35.

Kharkiv was the major city Terror and bread and salt: FVA, 3272, Pyotr Borisovich L.

In any large Soviet city Gangsters: Radchenko, “Accomplices,” 445.

When the Kharkiv Radchenko, “Accomplices,” 443–58; details about the march from FVA, 3270, Lydia G.

The mass shooting of the Jews Lower, “German Colonialism,” 26; Radchenko, “Accomplices,” 443–58, trash quotation at 454.

No matter where the Germans arrived Tyaglyy, “Nazi Occupation,” 127, 141.

Because Army Group South of the Wehrmacht On the Gypsies, see Holler, V?lkermord, 68–69.

In Stalino, as elsewhere Penter, Kohle, 270–81; Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 263–88.

The initial German policy Pripiat: Matth?us, “Controlled Escalation,” 225; Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers, 189. Nebe: Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 544, 549, 567. See M?dykowski, W cieniu, 231. Belarusians and Poles: Dean, “Service of Poles.”

With less local collaboration Beorn, Marching into Darkness, 73.

Not long afterwards Ibid., 97.

By October 1941 Megargee, War of Annihilation, 99.

Unlike Operation Barbarossa Quotation: Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 588.

Once Operation Typhoon Beorn, Marching into Darkness, 7, 60, 62, 73, 120, 133.

In Minsk 7 November and other symbolic dates in Minsk: Rubenstein and Altman, Unknown Black Book, 238, 245, 251, 252. Communists: Rein, “Local Collaboration,” 394; see also Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern und Hakenkreuz, 304. On Soviet Jews in Minsk, see Bemporad, Becoming.

With the advance of Operation Identification of Jews with partisans, beginning September 1941: Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 566.

The policy of mass Vans: Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 1075. The “black crow” reference is ubiquitous; see, for example, USHMM, RG-31.049/01, Evgenia Elkina. The killing with vans was also an extremely grisly business; some Germans preferred shooting. See Prusin, “Community of Violence.”

By the end of 1941 Rasch: Lower, “German Colonialism,” 24.

Whereas the Germans Kudryashov, “Russian Collaboration,” 4–5, 15; Penter, Kohle, 275; Reid, Leningrad, 125. The Germans murdered Gypsies in the outskirts of Leningrad as well; with what degree of local cooperation remains to be seen. See Holler, “Nazi Persecution,” 157.

In the cities of Soviet Russia Cohen, Smolensk, 64, 68, 78, 79, 122.

In nature, thought Hitler German starvation policies are covered in Snyder, Bloodlands, chapter 5.

The German invasion Quotation: Arnold, “Die Eroberung,” 35. Dieckmann develops the idea of the distribution of scarcity; see Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:536, 579–83.

Like the politics of Judeobolshevism Cf. Gerlach, “Wannsee Conference.” I agree that December was a turning point and am inclined to see it as Hitler’s decision to announce an intent to eliminate all Jews rather than an explicit order to kill them all, but taken at a time when killing them was proving to be easier than deporting them. In early 1942, Heydrich and others were still discussing deportations to Siberia, which would have been senseless had there been an explicit order to murder; the failure of German offensives and Heydrich’s assassination must have made such a deportation seem unrealistic. The technique of fixed gassing facilities then developed in Poland was not initially meant as a total solution, but it proved more feasible than anything else, and was pursued to the end. In my understanding, Hitler’s determination from the beginning was to eliminate the Jews from the planet; it was a matter of indifference whether this was achieved through murder or through deportation to some inhospitable place. What is chilling is not a diabolical plan that was followed to the letter; there was no such thing. What is chilling is a worldview in which individuals are defined as a supernatural collectivity such that their removal is seen as ethical and the method of removal makes no moral difference.

The autumn of 1941 FVA, 368, Iurii Israilovich G.

The battle for Kaluga Stieff cited after Edele, “States,” 374.

That very day Common front: Herf, Jewish Enemy, 132 and passim. Hitler’s 12 December speech as recorded by Goebbels: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 376; see also Witte et al., Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers, 289. Cf. Friedlander, Extermination, 281. Once the United States was in the war it had to be presented by Hitler not as a distant model but as a fragile enemy, “half Judaized and half negrified”: Fischer, Hitler and America, 37.