Black Earth(168)

If statelessness drew YIVO, RG 720, Hirshant Papers, 1/52, Syda Konis. For meditations on forced labor, see Pollack, Warum; Buber-Neumann, Under Two Dictators, 331.

The end of states Body and soul: Hryciuk, Polacy we Lwowie, 59.

In eastern Europe Matz, “Sweden,” 106–9; Jangfeldt, Hero of Budapest, 161. Fifteen thousand to twenty thousand is the estimate in Dwork and Van Pelt, Holocaust, 316–18.

Wallenberg, an exceptional One exception is the French case of Le Chambonsur-Lignon.

One such man Chan, “Ho Feng-Shan,” 1–15, quotations at 5 and 15.

After the German occupation See Wasserstein, Ambiguity, 165; McAuley, “Decision,” 4, 7, 32; Fralon, Good Man, 60, 79.

A diplomatic rescuer April 1940 number: Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:145.

In the 1930s For Daszkiewicz’s memoir see MWP, Kolekcja Rybikowskiego, syg. 6233 [Leszek Daszkiewicz], “Placówka wyw. “G,” 3, 4, 7–10, 18, 21, 22. On Rybikowski, see Pi?ciach, “Szpieg ze Sztokholmu” and for background, see Dubicki, Na??cz, and Stirling, Polsko-brytyjska wspó?praca wywiadowcza, 100, 305, 342.

One of Rybikowski’s MWP, Kolekcja Rybikowskiego, syg. 6233 [Leszek Daszkiewicz], “Placówka wyw. ‘G,’?” 21.

The scheme that the Polish MWP, Kolekcja Rybikowskiego, syg. 6233 [Leszek Daszkiewicz], “Placówka wyw. ‘G,’?” 22.

In the chaos Quotations here from MWP, syg. 1675, Sugihara memoir, 9; Rybikowski’s memoir, at MWP, Kolekcja Rybikowskiego, syg. 6233 [Leszek Daszkiewicz], “Placówka wyw. ‘G,’?” 70.

Once they had done MWP, Kolekcja Rybikowskiego, syg. 6233 [Leszek Daszkiewicz], “Placówka wyw. ‘G,’?” 50–52, 64, 67. On Sugihara, his colleagues, and his actions, see also Pep?oński, Wywiad, 231–33; Kuromiya and Pep?oński, Mit?dzy Warszaw? a Tokio, 393; Levine, Sugihara, 117, 132, 218, 273; Sakamoto, Japanese Diplomats, 107, 114, 395.

When Nazi Germany See Gross, Revolution from Abroad; Gross and Grudeińska-Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes; and Snyder, Bloodlands, chap. 4.

The arrival of these Begin, Revolt, 25; Drymmer, “Zagadnienie,” 74; Korboński, “Unknown Chapter,” 377. On Begin and the Polish army in Palestine: “Palestine: Counter Intelligence: Menahem Begin,” 24 September 1937, NA, KV/2/2251/50a. Uniform and other details of journey: Shilon, Menachem Begin, 40–45.

Now that the war Shilon, Menachem Begin, 48. Meridor in Poland: Bell, Terror Out of Zion, 44–45. Lankin: Bell, Terror Out of Zion, 111. Nechmad and Lankin: Niv, M’arkhot ha-Irgun, 172. Lankin’s memoir is To Win; on the Polish encounter 31–40. Meridor confirmed that he was number two under British interrogation: NA, KV/2/2251/14a.

During the Second World War These interactions are well described in Davies, Rising ’44. On the reaction of Varsovians to the flight, see Biskupska, “Extermination and the Elite.”

The Polish government in London Crushing majority: “Prosze przyj?? jako fakt zupe?nie realny ?e przygniataj?ca wiékszo?? kraju jest nastrojona antysemicko.” Cited in Skibińska and Szuchta, Wybór ?róde?, 397. For a sober analysis, see Brakel, “Was There a ‘Jewish Collaboration’?”

All the same See Pu?awski, W obliczu Zag?ady, 412 and passim; also Engelking and Leociak, Warsaw Ghetto, 667; and Engel, Facing a Holocaust.

On November 27, 1942 10 and 17 December: Stola, Nadzieja, 174; Bartoszewski, Warsaw Ghetto, 49. Times: Bajohr and Pohl, Der Holocaust, 99; “Extermination” and moment of silence: Saviello, “Policy,” 1, 24, 27.

This warning, issued Significance: Fein, Accounting, 77.

The availability of plausible Secretary of Drymmer: Jan Karski, “Dziecko sanacji,” Tygodnik Powszechny, 24 April 2012. Cf. ?bikowski, Karski, 10–11.

Upon his return to Poland Severe: “przewa?nie bezwzgl?dny, cz?sto bezlito?ny,” cited in Skibińska and Szuchta, Wybór ?róde?, 390. See Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations, 77; Leder, Rewolucja, 23, 44; Bartov, “Eastern Europe,” 575. Also worth considering is Thomas Bernhard’s Heldenplatz, especially at 112.

Most of the Jews FVA, 1107, Jan K.

In October 1942 Ibid. On Karski and his missions see Karski, Story of a Secret State; and ?bikowski, Karski.

The concentration camp Auschwitz Another English translation in Pilecki, Auschwitz Volunteer, 13. The Polish original can currently be found at http://?www.?polandpolska.?org/?dokumenty/?witold/?raport-?witolda-?1945.?htm. German translation of the Polish original by Jan Skorup at http://pileckibericht.wordpress.com. Numbers: Bartoszewski, Warszawski pier?cień, 124.