Black Earth(167)

Amsterdam was the only Michman, Emergence, 95, 99; Moore, Victims and Survivors, 191, 193, 195, 200; de Jong, Netherlands and Nazi Germany, 12–13; Griffioen and Zeller, “Comparing,” 64.

The situation of rescuers Romijn, “?‘Lesser Evil,’?” 13, 14, 17, 20, 22; Griffioen and Zeller, “Comparing,” 59.

The murder of Greek Jews Mazower, Salonica, 392–96. On the cemetery, see Saltier, “Dehumanizing,” 20, 27; for more direct German material interests, consult Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries, 251–56.

In the first weeks Mazower, Salonica, 402–3. This account of the war in Greece follows generally Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 1, 14, 18, 20, 235, 238, 240, 244, 250, 251, 259, and Rodogno, Fascism’s European Empire, 364, 390.

The French case Hitler quotation, Vichy’s foreign recognition, and number of civil servants: Rousso, Vichy, 15, 47. See also Birnbaum, Sur la corde raide, 252.

France did introduce Rousso, Vichy, 79–81. Madagascar: Marrus and Paxton, Vichy, 14, 60, 113. Same people: Bruttman, Au bureau, 199–201. I cannot enter here into the interesting issue of relationships between the French state’s treatment of its Jewish and Muslim subjects. See Surkis, Sexing the Citizen; Shepard, Invention.

The reasoning behind 7,055: Personal communication from Patrick Weil, 11 October 2012; on the denaturalization process see his How to Be French, 87–122. Camps in France in 1939 and 1940: Grynberg, Les camps, 11, 35 and passim.

Under the Vichy regime Paris and Drancy: Wieviorka and Laffitte, Drancy, 21, 106, 118–19.

French and German policies Ibid., 120, 209.

In summer 1942 Weil, How to Be French, 122; Rousso, Vichy, 92–93.

The decisive matter See Marrus and Paxton, Vichy, 325. The case of Belgium, where 60 percent of the Jews present survived, is midway between the Netherlands and France. The occupation was crucially military rather than civilian, as in France. The sovereign remained in the country, unlike the Netherlands. In Belgium, unlike in France but like the Netherlands, the Germans were able to place their own people atop the police. Like France, in Belgium there were a large number of Jews who were not citizens; unlike in France they were not specially targeted by a sovereign authority. Unlike in the Netherlands, however, the Germans did not assemble a large police force of their own. Belgian Jews seem to have been better informed than Dutch Jews about the meaning of deportation; thus Van der Boom’s explanation of the unwillingness of Dutch Jews to go into hiding would not apply to Belgian Jews. See Griffioen and Zeller, “Comparing,” 54–64; also Conway, Collaboration, 24; Fein, Accounting, 156–67.

The Holocaust in France Rousso, Vichy, 93. Thronged: Marrus and Paxton, Vichy, 85, also 364. Soviet citizenship: Sémelin, Persécution et entraides, 208–9.

Considerably more Polish Jews Klarsfeld gives 26,300 Polish and 24,000 French Jews. Many of the 5,000 he classifies as Soviet would have been Polish Jews who took Soviet citizenship after the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. Le mémorial, 19.





10. The Grey Saviors


In the world that Hitler According to Otto Ohlendorf, the commander of Einsatzgruppe D, Himmler said that responsibility rested with Himmler and Hitler alone. See Rzanna, “Eksterminacja.”

Every Jew who survived Cf. Dwork and Van Pelt, Holocaust, 348.

Almost every Jew Hanna Krall recalls forty-five people who helped her, in one way or another. Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest, 299.

In Einsatzgruppe D Christian Ingrao has developed this theme, especially in his Les chasseurs noirs.

In 1938 in Germany Los Altos Town Crier, 15 April 2009; Ralph Bernstein, personal communication, 15 April 2013; Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, vol. 37, 2007, Lfd. Nr. 777, 397, 398, 405, 407–9, 417, 431, 438, 439; Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 422. About twenty-six thousand Jews were sent to camps in November 1938. Goeschel and Wachsmann, Introduction, 28.

Most German Jews emigrated Rumbula: Michel’son, Ia perezhila, 84.

No one can know See Snyder, “Commemorative Causality.”

Only about three percent For this and other reckoning, see Snyder, Bloodlands. Experience: G?owiński, Black Seasons, 170.

The degree of statelessness Bremen police: Bremens Polizei, 124. See also Russ, “Wer war verantwortlich,” 486, 494, 503. Cf. Browning, Ordinary Men, 165, 202.

A lesser known Maubach, “Expansion weiblicher Hilfe,” 93–94.

A few German women Koslov, Gewalt im Dienstalltag, 482–84.

Further east Lower, Hitler’s Furies, 163 and passim, for all of the conceptual issues.