Black Earth(171)

And then, after a moment USHMM, RG-68.102M/2007.372/21/206–47.

In the invasion Cf. Engelking, Losy ?ydów, 117.

Noema Centnewschwer Noema Centnewschwer: ?IH, 301/2750. Chawa Rozensztejn: ?IH, 301/1272. On prewar ?om?a, see Gnatowski, “Niepokorni,” 156–57.

Szyja Flejsz was a boy On his life: ?IH, 301/2739. On the problem of competitive recruitment: TsDAVO, 3833/1/87; AW II/1321/2K; AW II/1328/2K.

The commanders of the UPA On the origins of the UPA and its mass killing of Poles, see Snyder, “Origins”; and, above all, Motyka, Od rzezi. On its motivations, the primary sources are bountiful; see, for example, TsDAVO, 3833/1/86/19–20; TsDAVO, 3833/1/131/13–14. Soviet interrogation protocols offer confirmatory evidence: for example, Protokol Doprosa, I. I. Iavorskii, 14 April 1944, GARF, fond R-9478, opis 1, delo 398. For the rescue of a Pole by a Jew, see FVA, T-1645. On the Soviet continuation of the Ukrainian nationalist project, see Snyder, Reconstruction of Nations, chaps. 8–10.

All of the surviving residents ?IH, 301/2739; Siemaszko and Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo, 280. For additional information on Woronówka, which no longer exists, see http://wolyn.ovh.org. These partings are a wrenching subject, very present in the sources. See Shore, Taste of Ashes. Sometimes people who loved the children they rescued encouraged them to go, following the same moral instincts that instructed them in the first place. And sometimes they later regretted it.

Seeing the peasant’s reaction ?IH, 301/3598.

The Pole who owned the land ?IH, 301/451.

The man approaching her ?IH, 301/946.

Other rescuers, with more See Fogelman, Conscience, 73, 140.

Rena Krainik found herself ?IH, 301/6035.

In the city of Stanis?awów On Janina Ciszewska, see ?IH, 301/2514; 301/2515; 301/4362.

When he received a request ?IH, 301/6335.

Good people broke ?IH, 301/1263.

The nature of an encounter ?IH, 301/2270.

What Jewish survivors Bauman: Cobel-Tokarska, Bezludna wyspa, 76. Joseph Co: FVA, 1065.

Agnieszka Wróbel, who YIVO, RG 104/MK536/1064, Bronis?awa Znider.

If Jews had little to say Olha R.: FVA, 3268. Cf. Fogelman, Conscience, xvi, 6.

Helena Chor??yńska, an uneducated Chor??yńska: MJH, 1984.T. 137. Cywiński and ?u?awska: Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest, 300, 330. Zboromiski: YIVO, RG 104/MK538/1066. Schmid: Wette, Feldwebel, 25, 27, letter at 121.

Karolina Kobylec: “That is just” “Mam ju? taki charakter.” Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest, 318.

Jan Lipke was a Latvian Lipke: USHMM, RG-68.102M/2007.372/21/165–205. Beyond the limits: Silberman, “Jan Lipke,” 100. Most normal thing: MJH, 1987.T.65. This confirms a finding of Monroe, Compassion, 221, and de Jong, Netherlands and Nazi Germany, 21. Cf. Arendt: “only ‘exceptions’ could be expected to act ‘normally.’?” Eichmann, 26.

Deep in the forests A peasant who gambled a bit more than usual might also be thought to be taking money from Jews. See Good, “Yerushalayim,” 38.

Rescuers were risking USHMM, RG-31.049.01.

Miron Lisikiewicz, who Lisikiewicz: R?czy, Pomóc Polaków, 282. Sewer worker: USHMM, RG-68.102M/2007.372/29/2027–164. Kawka: YIVO, RG 104/MK538/1053. Ringelblum: Polish-Jewish Relations, 226. Lipke and money: USHMM, RG-68.102M/2007.372/16/150–63. On the issue of money and risk, see also the recollections of Blanche C. and Liubov Svershinskaia at FVA, 262, and USHMM, RG38/49/70, respectively. See also Tec, When Light, 88.

It is true that many Cf. Gross, Golden Harvest, 81.

Within this set of incentives Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations, 77, 121; Grabowski, Judenjagd, 136; Good, “Yerushalayim,” 18.

In the darkest of times I was led to this formulation by a paper on Teresa Prekerowa by Jadwiga Biskupska. Similar conclusions are reached by Tec, When Light, 154; Oliner, Altruistic Personality, 6; Fogelman, Conscience, 58. A profound study by a historian who was once a rescued child leads in the same direction: Redlich, Together and Apart.





Conclusion: Our World


In the small photograph Wanda Grosmanowa-Jedlicka: Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest, 487. At least fifteen thousand Warsaw Jews never entered the ghetto. See Kermish, “Activities,” 374.

Most of the Jews of Warsaw Grossman, Life and Fate, 409. He continues: “Kindness is powerful only while it is powerless.” See Monroe, Compassion, 258.

Wanda J.’s judgment Compare Bauer, The Death of the Shtetl, 97.