Black Earth(170)

Although the Polish army 592: Petrow, Psy Stalina, 223. Seventeen thousand: Gurianov, “Obzor,” 205.

Between 1945 and 1949 For surveys, see Simons, Eastern Europe; and Applebaum, Iron Curtain.

Polish soldiers who had spent Executions: Skarga, Penser, 28. Double collaboration at the end of the war: Skibińska, “Self-Portrait,” 459; Grabowski, Judenjagd, 93, 109; Gross, S?siedzi, 115.

Any Marxist could have explained For articles that are suggestive of some of these interpretations, see Abrams, “Second World War”; and Gross, “Social Consequences.”

The Soviets entered a country On the Soviet and communist Polish attitudes to the Holocaust, see especially Kostyrchenko, Gosudarstvennyi antisemitizm; Brandenberger, “Last Crime”; Szaynok, Polska a Izrael; Shore, “J?zyk.” For a longer discussion see Snyder, Bloodlands, chap. 11.

Poles who had rescued Jews Hulanicki: The case is made in Ginor and Remez, “Casualty.” Wallenberg: The latest evidence is in Matz, “Cables in Cipher.”

The Sheptyts’kyi brothers See Hentosh, “Pro vstavlennia,” 318–25, and Motyka, Cień K?yma Sawura, 80–82, for these details; the state of the art is Himka, “Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky.” For the experiences of rescued children see Rotfeld, W cieniu, 53–54, 88; Kahane, Lvov Ghetto Diary, 118–55; Lewin, Prze?y?em, 155–59.

Yet the Greek Catholic Church On the origins of the Uniate Church, see Gudziak, Crisis and Reform, 209–22 and passim; Koialovich, Tserkovnaia uniia, 1:166–68 and passim.

In 1918, the Habsburg monarchy On Galicia, Ukraine, Poland, and Sheptyts’kyi, see Snyder, Reconstruction, chap. 3; Snyder, Red Prince, chap. 3; Himka, Religion and Nationality; Jobst, Zwischen Nationalismus und Internationalismus.

In its experience of alienation The case is made in Braun and Tammes, “Religious Deviance,” 3, 11; Cabanel, “Protestantismes minoritaires,” 455. On Germany, see Ericksen, Complicity, 95 and passim.

By contrast, church leaders On the famous French example of Le Chambonsur-Lignon, see Sémelin, Persécutions, 717–37.

In the occupied Soviet Union Baptist rescue: Spektor, “Zydzi wo?yńscy,” 577; Spector, “Holocaust,” 243; ?IH, 301/397, Jakub and Esia Zybelberg, Hersz and Doba Me?amud. See also Sefer Lutsk, testimony of Fanye Pasht; Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations, 242. Lea Goldberg and the Shtundists: ?IH, 301/1011; also Siemaszko and Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo, 793. Cf. Cabanel, “Protestantismes minoritaires,” 446.

The dominant Roman Catholic Church On the tortuous reconsiderations, see Connelly, From Enemy to Brother.

Wilm Hosenfeld, a Roman Confino, World Without Jews, 198.

Aleksandra Ogrodzińska, a Polish ?IH, 301/2502, Wala Ku?niecow.

Wonders and visions threaten YIVO, Hirshant Papers, 3/206.

For the nuns in their convents Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations, 226.

Rufeisen was taken This account is compiled from ?IH, 301/3726 (also classified as ?IH, 301/2827) and FVA, 1834; quotation from the former.

Andrei Sheptyts’kyi Sheptyts’kyi: Motyka, Cień K?yma Sawura, 86. Iwaniuk: YIVO, Hirshant Papers, 3/206. Priest and Polish Roman Catholics: R?czy, Pomóc Polaków, 253, 100.





12. The Righteous Few


Ita Stra?, a young woman Tomkiewicz, Zbrodnia w Ponarach, 203. Vova Gdud survived Ponary in the same way. He was helped in the first cottage. See Good, “Yerushalayim,” 17–18.

Who lives in the fourth For a typical and eloquent record of being turned away multiple times, see Pese Kharzhevski-Zlotnik, “Di Kristlekhe ‘hilf’ far di Kolbutsker yidn,” in Yasni, Sefer Klobutsk, 247–49.

Later Zelda was denounced YIVO, RG 104/MK547/7/200, Zelda Machlowicz-Hinenberg.

At that point the host YIVO, RG 104/II/5, Alicja Gornowski.

A wife might save Rubenstein and Altman, Unknown Black Book, 60–61. See Fogelman, Conscience, 260.

Love for children could also Romantic relationships that provided a structure for rescue could, of course, be homosexual, as in the case of the rescue of a Jew by a Polish Roman Catholic priest and his Ukrainian partner. See generally Paulsson, Secret City, 44.

One day when Katarzyna ?IH, 301/1959.

Maria was now working YIVO, RG 104/MK538/1072.

Men sometimes took in children Seweryn: ?IH, 301/2259. Jeromiński: ?IH, 301/1468.

After climbing out ?IH, 301/2877.

The last major transports For the case, see Osta?owka, Farby wodne. On the death marches, see Blatman, Death Marches.