Black Earth(162)

Actual political experience Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:248–53; see also Lower, “Pogroms,” 224. Communist youth: Eidintas, Jews, 257.

Double collaboration Wette, Karl J?ger, 82; Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:297.

The Germans never did Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:534. Knyrimas and Baranauskas: Eidintas, Jews, 256.

Vilnius, the Jerusalem On the Polish-Lithuanian-Jewish question in wartime Vilnius, see Snyder, Reconstruction, chap. 4.

This innovation took place Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 2:906, 1511. Hitler, Goebbels, marking of Jews: Longerich, Davon, 165–68. On perceptions in the field about the course of the war, see inter alia R?mer, Kommissarbefehl, 204.

If the Soviet Union Ingrao, Believe, 236. Cf. Fritzsche, “Holocaust and the Knowledge,” 603. In Germany: Longerich, Davon, 160–61. Filbert and translation: Kay, “Transition to Genocide,” 413–25; see also Ingrao, Believe, 81, 158–59; Ingrao “Violence de guerre,” 236–37; R?mer, Kameraden, 410, 414, 448, 462.

Their hesitations about Kay, “Brothers.”

The Nazi conviction Large numbers of Latvians return: Ezergailis, Holocaust in Latvia, 48; see also 155, 165–66. Liberation from the Jews: Dieckmann, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik, 1:513. See also Silberman, “Jan Lipke,” 87.

By now Stahlecker Naturally: Breitmann, “Himmler,” 436. Channeling: Wette, Karl J?ger, 78.

The Arājs Kommando On Arājs and his commando, see Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, vol. 43, 2010. Lfd. Nr. 856, 173–83; Kaprāns Vita Zel?e, “Vēsturiskie cilvēki,” 169–70, 173–74; Plavnieks, “Nazi Collaborators,” 41–49, 72–85; Vīksne, “Members of the Arājs Commando,” 189–202; Angrick and Klein, Final Solution, 74 and passim; Ezergailis, Holocaust in Latvia, 177, 183, 188. Russians: Kudryashov, “Russian Collaborators,” 3. Looting: Bender, Jews of Bia?ystok, 95.

The Einsatzgruppen were a hybrid Quotation: Ezergailis, Holocaust in Latvia, 206. See Bloxham, Final Solution, 130.

Aside from the Einsatzgruppen 12 August: Kruglov, “Jewish Losses,” 275.

Jeckeln’s innovation See Pohl, “Schauplatz Ukraine,” 142–44; Angrick and Klein, Final Solution, 130.

The easternmost part Segal, “Beyond,” 5–9, quotation at 5; Jelinek, Carpathian Diaspora, 234. See also M?dykowski, W cieniu, 287. Between 1867 and 1918, the Habsburg domains were a dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary. The government in Budapest was sovereign in its domestic affairs. The king of Hungary was the same person as the emperor of the entire realm, Franz Josef.

Hungary made Jews stateless Vladimir P.: FVA, 2837. Béla Kun: Ingrao, Believe, 153.

If the Judeobolshevik Breitmann, “Himmler,” 433–44. Thirty-three thousand: Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 456. Letter home: Schneider, Ausw?rts eingesetzt, 215. More than EG: Lower, “Axis Collaboration,” 186. See also Pohl, Herrschaft der Wehrmacht, 152; Curilla, Judenmord, 851.

On September 28, 1941 Pohl, Herrschaft der Wehrmacht, 259; Pohl, “Schauplatz Ukraine,” 147; Pohl, “Ukrainische Hilfskr?fte,” 213. Rape and party: Schneider, Ausw?rts eingesetzt, 465, 471. Already bloodied: Dina Pronicheva, “Stenogramma,” 24 April 1946, TsDAVO, 166/3/245/115–34; see also Dina Pronicheva, Darmstadt, 29 April 1968, IfZ, Gd 01.54/78/1758–76. For a description of the experience from Jewish perspectives, see Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, 61–68; and Berkhoff, “Dina Pronicheva’s Story.”

Many of the aged and infirm More research is needed on the pogroms in the prewar Soviet Union in 1941. On Kyiv see Melnyk, “Stalinist Justice,” 230, 238.

At the end of 1941 Angrick and Klein, Final Solution, 114.





7. Germans, Poles, Soviets, Jews


“The East belongs to the SS!” Wasser, Himmlers Raumplanung, 51. See generally Gerwarth, Heydrich.

Organized massacres involving Percentages derived from Arad, Holocaust, 521, 524. For examples of collaboration, see the cases below. On the NKVD, see Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 268.

The Germans reached The Estonian case will be discussed at greater length in the next chapter.

The prewar Soviet Union Bemporad, “Politics of Blood,” 4–5, 8.

In an unhappy sequence Three hundred thousand estimate: Pohl, Herrschaft der Wehrmacht, 119. Denunciations: Reid, Leningrad, 125. Ideological interval: Hrynevych, Nepryborkane riznoholossia, 111–20; Moorhouse, Devils’ Alliance, 130. Kyiv example: Schneider, Ausw?rts eingesetzt, 462; Prusin, “Community of Violence,” 1.