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36. Kevin M. Kniffin et al., “Eating Together at the Firehouse: How Workplace Commensality Relates to the Performance of Firefighters,” Human Performance 28, no. 4 (2015): 281–306.

37. John P. Trougakos et al., “Lunch Breaks Unpacked: The Role of Autonomy as a Moderator of Recovery During Lunch,” Academy of Management Journal 57, no. 2 (2014): 405–21.

38. Marjaana Sianoja et al., “Recovery During Lunch Breaks: Testing Long-Term Relations with Energy Levels at Work,” Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 1, no. 1 (2016): 1–12. See also Hongjai Rhee and Sudong Kim, “Effects of Breaks on Regaining Vitality at Work: An Empirical Comparison of ‘Conventional’ and ‘Smartphone’ Breaks,” Computers in Human Behavior 57 (2016): 160–67.

39. Wallace Immen, “In This Office, Desks Are for Working, Not Eating Lunch,” Globe and Mail, February 27, 2017.

40. Mark R. Rosekind et al., “Crew Factors in Flight Operations 9: Effects of Planned Cockpit Rest on Crew Performance and Alertness in Long-Haul Operations,” NASA Technical Reports Server, 1994, available at https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950006379.

41. Tracey Leigh Signal et al., “Scheduled Napping as a Countermeasure to Sleepiness in Air Traffic Controllers,” Journal of Sleep Research 18, no. 1 (2009): 11–19.

42. Sergio Garbarino et al., “Professional Shift-Work Drivers Who Adopt Prophylactic Naps Can Reduce the Risk of Car Accidents During Night Work,” Sleep 27, no. 7 (2004): 1295–1302.

43. Felipe Beijamini et al., “After Being Challenged by a Video Game Problem, Sleep Increases the Chance to Solve It,” PloS ONE 9, no. 1 (2014): e84342.

44. Bryce A. Mander et al., “Wake Deterioration and Sleep Restoration of Human Learning,” Current Biology 21, no. 5 (2011): R183–84; Felipe Beijamini et al., “After Being Challenged by a Video Game Problem, Sleep Increases the Chance to Solve It,” PloS ONE 9, no. 1 (2014): e84342.

45. Nicole Lovato and Leon Lack, “The Effects of Napping on Cognitive Functioning,” Progress in Brain Research 185 (2010): 155–66; Sara Studte, Emma Bridger, and Axel Mecklinger, “Nap Sleep Preserves Associative but Not Item Memory Performance,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 120 (2015): 84–93.

46. Catherine E. Milner and Kimberly A. Cote, “Benefits of Napping in Healthy Adults: Impact of Nap Length, Time of Day, Age, and Experience with Napping,” Journal of Sleep Research 18, no. 2 (2009): 272–81; Scott S. Campbell et al., “Effects of a Month-Long Napping Regimen in Older Individuals,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 59, no. 2 (2011): 224–32; Junxin Li et al., “Afternoon Napping and Cognition in Chinese Older Adults: Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Baseline Assessment,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 65, no. 2 (2016): 373–80.

47. Catherine E. Milner and Kimberly A. Cote, “Benefits of Napping in Healthy Adults: Impact of Nap Length, Time of Day, Age, and Experience with Napping,” Journal of Sleep Research 18, no. 2 (2009): 272–81.

48. This is especially true when coupled with bright light. See Kosuke Kaida, Yuji Takeda, and Kazuyo Tsuzuki, “The Relationship Between Flow, Sleepiness and Cognitive Performance: The Effects of Short Afternoon Nap and Bright Light Exposure,” Industrial Health 50, no. 3 (2012): 189–96.

49. Nicholas Bakalar, “Regular Midday Snoozes Tied to a Healthier Heart,” New York Times, February 13, 2007, reporting on Androniki Naska et al., “Siesta in Healthy Adults and Coronary Mortality in the General Population,” Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 3 (2007): 296–301. Cautionary note: This study showed a correlation between napping and the reduced risk of heart disease, not necessarily that napping caused the health benefit.

50. Brice Faraut et al., “Napping Reverses the Salivary Interleukin-6 and Urinary Norepinephrine Changes Induced by Sleep Restriction,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 3 (2015): E416–26.

51. Mohammad Zaregarizi et al., “Acute Changes in Cardiovascular Function During the Onset Period of Daytime Sleep: Comparison to Lying Awake and Standing,” Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 4 (2007): 1332–38.

52. Amber Brooks and Leon C. Lack, “A Brief Afternoon Nap Following Nocturnal Sleep Restriction: Which Nap Duration Is Most Recuperative?” Sleep 29, no. 6 (2006): 831–40.

53. Amber J. Tietzel and Leon C. Lack, “The Recuperative Value of Brief and Ultra-Brief Naps on Alertness and Cognitive Performance,” Journal of Sleep Research 11, no. 3 (2002): 213–18.

54. Catherine E. Milner and Kimberly A. Cote, “Benefits of Napping in Healthy Adults: Impact of Nap Length, Time of Day, Age, and Experience with Napping,” Journal of Sleep Research 18, no. 2 (2009): 272–81.

55. Luise A. Reyner and James A. Horne, “Suppression of Sleepiness in Drivers: Combination of Caffeine with a Short Nap,” Psychophysiology 34, no. 6 (1997): 721–25.

56. Mitsuo Hayashi, Akiko Masuda, and Tadao Hori, “The Alerting Effects of Caffeine, Bright Light and Face Washing After a Short Daytime Nap,” Clinical Neurophysiology 114, no. 12 (2003): 2268–78.

57. Renwick McLean, “For Many in Spain, Siesta Ends,” New York Times, January 1, 2006; Jim Yardley, “Spain, Land of 10 P.M. Dinners, Asks If It’s Time to Reset Clock,” New York Times, February 17, 2014; Margarita Mayo, “Don’t Call It the ‘End of the Siesta’: What Spain’s New Work Hours Really Mean, Harvard Business Review, April 13, 2016.