When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing(64)

16. Teresa Amabile and Steven Kramer, The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011).

17. Nicholas Wolfinger, “Want to Avoid Divorce? Wait to Get Married, but Not Too Long,” Institute for Family Studies, July 16, 2015, which analyzed data from Casey E. Copen et al., “First Marriages in the United States: Data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth,” National Health Statistics Reports, no. 49, March 22, 2012.

18. Scott Stanley et al., “Premarital Education, Marital Quality, and Marital Stability: Findings from a Large, Random Household Survey,” Journal of Family Psychology 20, no. 1 (2006): 117–26.

19. Andrew Francis-Tan and Hugo M. Mialon, “‘A Diamond Is Forever’ and Other Fairy Tales: The Relationship Between Wedding Expenses and Marriage Duration,” Economic Inquiry 53, no. 4 (2015): 1919–30.


CHAPTER 4. MIDPOINTS

1. Elliot Jaques, “Death and the MidLife Crisis,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 46 (1965): 502–14.

2. The popularity was helped along by Gail Sheehy, author of the blockbuster 1974 book Passages: Predictable Crises of Adult Life, which describes variations of the midlife crisis but does not credit Jaques until page 369.

3. Elliot Jaques, “Death and the MidLife Crisis,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 46 (1965): 502–14.

4. Arthur A. Stone et al., “A Snapshot of the Age Distribution of Psychological Well-Being in the United States,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 22 (2010): 9985–90.

5. David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, “Is Well-Being U-Shaped over the Life Cycle?” Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 8 (2008): 1733–49.

6. See also Terence Chai Cheng, Nattavudh Powdthavee, and Andrew J. Oswald, “Longitudinal Evidence for a Midlife Nadir in Human Well-Being: Results from Four Data Sets,” Economic Journal 127, no. 599 (2017): 126–42; Andrew Steptoe, Angus Deaton, and Arthur A. Stone, “Subjective Wellbeing, Health, and Ageing,” Lancet 385, no. 9968 (2015): 640–48; Paul Frijters and Tony Beatton, “The Mystery of the U-Shaped Relationship Between Happiness and Age,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 82, no. 2–3 (2012): 525–42; Carol Graham, Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable Millionaires (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Some research has shown that while the U-shape remains consistent across countries, it varies from nation to nation in the “turning point”—when well-being reaches its nadir and begins its ascent. See Carol Graham and Julia Ruiz Pozuelo, “Happiness, Stress, and Age: How the U-Curve Varies Across People and Places,” Journal of Population Economics 30, no. 1 (2017): 225–64; Bert van Landeghem, “A Test for the Convexity of Human Well-Being over the Life Cycle: Longitudinal Evidence from a 20-Year Panel,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 81, no. 2 (2012): 571–82.

7. David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, “Is Well-Being U-Shaped over the Life Cycle?” Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 8 (2008): 1733–49.

8. Hannes Schwandt, “Unmet Aspirations as an Explanation for the Age U-Shape in Wellbeing,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 122 (2016): 75–87.

9. Alexander Weiss et al., “Evidence for a Midlife Crisis in Great Apes Consistent with the U-Shape in Human Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 49 (2012): 19949–52.

10. Maferima Touré-Tillery and Ayelet Fishbach, “The End Justifies the Means, but Only in the Middle,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 3 (2012): 570–83.

11. Ibid.

12. Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould, “Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism,” in Thomas Schopf, ed., Models in Paleobiology (San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Company, 1972), 82–115; Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, “Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered,” Paleobiology 3, no. 2 (1977): 115–51.

13. Connie J. G. Gersick, “Time and Transition in Work Teams: Toward a New Model of Group Development,” Academy of Management Journal 31, no. 1 (1988): 9–41.

14. Ibid.

15. Connie J. G. Gersick, “Marking Time: Predictable Transitions in Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal 32, no. 2 (1989): 274–309.

16. Connie J. G. Gersick, “Pacing Strategic Change: The Case of a New Venture,” Academy of Management Journal 37, no. 1 (1994): 9–45.

17. Malcolm Moran, “Key Role for Coaches in Final,” New York Times, March 29, 1982; Jack Wilkinson, “UNC’s Crown a Worthy One,” New York Daily News, March 20, 1982; Curry Kirkpatrick, “Nothing Could Be Finer,” Sports Illustrated, April 5, 1982.

18. Curry Kirkpatrick, “Nothing Could Be Finer,” Sports Illustrated, April 5, 1982.

19. Malcolm Moran, “North Carolina Slips Past Georgetown by 63–62,” New York Times, March 30, 1982.

20. Jonah Berger and Devin Pope, “Can Losing Lead to Winning?” Management Science 57, no. 5 (2011): 817–27.

21. Ibid.

22. “Key Moments in Dean Smith’s Career,” Charlotte Observer, February 8, 2015.


CHAPTER 4. TIME HACKER’S HANDBOOK

1. Andrea C. Bonezzi, Miguel Brendl, and Matteo De Angelis, “Stuck in the Middle: The Psychophysics of Goal Pursuit,” Psychological Science 22, no. 5 (2011): 607–12.