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2. See Colleen M. Seifert and Andrea L. Patalano, “Memory for Incomplete Tasks: A ReExamination of the Zeigarnik Effect,” Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 114.

3. Brad Isaac, “Jerry Seinfeld’s Productivity Secret,” Lifehacker, July 24, 2007, 276–86.

4. Adam Grant, 2 FailProof Techniques to Increase Your Productivity (Inc. Video). Available at https://www.inc.com/adam-grant/productivity-playbook-failproof-productivity-techniques.html.

5. Minjung Koo and Ayelet Fishbach, “Dynamics of Self-Regulation: How (Un) Accomplished Goal Actions Affect Motivation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 183–95.

6. Cameron Ford and Diane M. Sullivan, “A Time for Everything: How the Timing of Novel Contributions Influences Project Team Outcomes,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 25, no. 2 (2004): 279–92.

7. J. Richard Hackman and Ruth Wageman, “A Theory of Team Coaching,” Academy of Management Review 30, no. 2 (2005): 269–87.

8. Hannes Schwandt, “Why So Many of Us Experience a Midlife Crisis,” Harvard Business Review, April 20, 2015. Available at https://hbr.org/2015/04/why-so-many-of-us-experience-a-midlife-crisis.

9. Minkyung Koo et al., “It’s a Wonderful Life: Mentally Subtracting Positive Events Improves People’s Affective States, Contrary to Their Affective Forecasts,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 5 (2008): 1217–24.

10. Juliana G. Breines and Serena Chen, “Self-Compassion Increases Self-Improvement Motivation,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 9 (2012): 1133–43; Kristin D. Neff and Christopher K. Germer, “A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion Program,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 69, no. 1 (2013): 28–44; Kristin D. Neff, “The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion,” Self and Identity 2, no. 3 (2003): 223–50; Leah B. Shapira and Myriam Mongrain, “The Benefits of Self-Compassion and Optimism Exercises for Individuals Vulnerable to Depression,” Journal of Positive Psychology 5, no. 5 (2010): 377–89; Lisa M. Yarnell et al., “Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Compassion,” Self and Identity 14, no. 5 (2015): 499–520.


CHAPTER 5. ENDINGS

1. Running USA, 2015 Running USA Annual Marathon Report, May 25, 2016, available at http://www.runningusa.org/marathon-report-2016; Ahotu Marathons, 2017–2018 Marathon Schedule, available at http://marathons.ahotu.com/calendar/marathon; Skechers Performance Los Angeles Marathon, Race History, available at http://www.lamarathon.com/press/race-history; Andrew Cave and Alex Miller, “Marathon Runners Sign Up in Record Numbers,” Telegraph, March 24, 2016.

2. Adam L. Alter and Hal E. Hershfield, “People Search for Meaning When They Approach a New Decade in Chronological Age,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 48 (2014): 17066–70. For a critique of some of Alter and Hershfield’s data and conclusions, see Erik G. Larsen, “Commentary On: People Search for Meaning When They Approach a New Decade in Chronological Age,” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015): 792.

3. Adam L. Alter and Hal E. Hershfield, “People Search for Meaning When They Approach a New Decade in Chronological Age,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 48 (2014): 17066–70.

4. Jim Chairusmi, “When Super Bowl Scoring Peaks—or Timing Your Bathroom Break,” Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2017.

5. Clark L. Hull, “The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis and Maze Learning,” Psychological Review 39, no. 1 (1932): 25.

6. Clark L. Hull, “The Rat’s Speed-of-Locomotion Gradient in the Approach to Food,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 17, no. 3 (1934): 393.

7. Arthur B. Markman and C. Miguel Brendl, “The Influence of Goals on Value and Choice,” Psychology of Learning and Motivation 39 (2000): 97–128; Minjung Koo and Ayelet Fishbach, “Dynamics of Self-Regulation: How (Un)Accomplished Goal Actions Affect Motivation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 183–95; Andrea Bonezzi, C. Miguel Brendl, and Matteo De Angelis, “Stuck in the Middle: The Psychophysics of Goal Pursuit,” Psychological Science 22, no. 5 (2011): 607–12; Szu-Chi Huang, Jordan Etkin, and Liyin Jin, “How Winning Changes Motivation in Multiphase Competitions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 112, no. 6 (2017): 813–37; Kyle E. Conlon et al., “Eyes on the Prize: The Longitudinal Benefits of Goal Focus on Progress Toward a Weight Loss Goal,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, no. 4 (2011): 853–55.

8. Kristen Berman, “The Deadline Made Me Do It,” Scientific American, November 9, 2016, available at https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-deadline-made-me-do-it/.

9. John C. Birkimer et al., “Effects of Refutational Messages, Thought Provocation, and Decision Deadlines on Signing to Donate Organs,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24, no. 19 (1994): 1735–61.

10. Suzanne B. Shu and Ayelet Gneezy, “Procrastination of Enjoyable Experiences,” Journal of Marketing Research 47, no. 5 (2010): 933–44.

11. Uri Gneezy, Ernan Haruvy, and Alvin E. Roth, “Bargaining Under a Deadline: Evidence from the Reverse Ultimatum Game,” Games and Economic Behavior 45, no. 2 (2003): 347–68; Don A. Moore, “The Unexpected Benefits of Final Deadlines in Negotiation,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40, no. 1 (2004): 121–27.