When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing(58)

50. Céline Vetter et al., “Aligning Work and Circadian Time in Shift Workers Improves Sleep and Reduces Circadian Disruption,” Current Biology 25, no. 7 (2015): 907–11.


CHAPTER 1. TIME HACKER’S HANDBOOK

1. Karen Van Proeyen et al., “Training in the Fasted State Improves Glucose Tolerance During Fat-Rich Diet,” Journal of Physiology 588, no. 21 (2010): 4289–302.

2. Michael R. Deschenes et al., “Chronobiological Effects on Exercise: Performance and Selected Physiological Responses,” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 77, no. 3 (1998): 249–560.

3. Elise Facer-Childs and Roland Brandstaetter, “The Impact of Circadian Phenotype and Time Since Awakening on Diurnal Performance in Athletes,” Current Biology 25, no. 4 (2015): 518–22.

4. Boris I. Medarov, Valentin A. Pavlov, and Leonard Rossoff, “Diurnal Variations in Human Pulmonary Function,” International Journal of Clinical Experimental Medicine 1, no. 3 (2008): 267–73.

5. Barry Drust et al., “Circadian Rhythms in Sports Performance: An Update,” Chronobiology International 22, no. 1 (2005), 21–44; Jo?o Paulo P. Rosa et al., “2016 Rio Olympic Games: Can the Schedule of Events Compromise Athletes’ Performance?” Chronobiology International 33, no. 4 (2016): 435–40.

6. American Council on Exercise, “The Best Time to Exercise,” Fit Facts (2013), available at https://www.acefitness.org/fitfacts/pdfs/fitfacts/itemid_2625.pdf.

7. Miguel Debono et al., “Modified-Release Hydrocortisone to Provide Circadian Cortisol Profiles,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 5 (2009): 1548–54.

8. Alicia E. Meuret et al., “Timing Matters: Endogenous Cortisol Mediates Benefits from Early-Day Psychotherapy,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 74 (2016): 197–202.


CHAPTER 2. AFTERNOONS AND COFFEE SPOONS

1. Melanie Clay Wright et al., “Time of Day Effects on the Incidence of Anesthetic Adverse Events,” Quality and Safety in Health Care 15, no. 4 (2006): 258–63. The quotation at the end of the paragraph is from the lead author on the paper and appears in “Time of Surgery Influences Rate of Adverse Health Events Due to Anesthesia,” Duke News, August 3, 2006.

2. Alexander Lee et al., “Queue Position in the Endoscopic Schedule Impacts Effectiveness of Colonoscopy,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 106, no. 8 (2011): 1457–65.

3. One study found a gender difference, concluding that “[c]olonoscopies performed in the afternoon tend to have lower polyp and adenoma detection rates . . . [but] the lower adenoma detection rate in afternoon colonoscopies seems to apply mainly to female patients.” Shailendra Singh et al., “Differences Between Morning and Afternoon Colonoscopies for Adenoma Detection in Female and Male Patients,” Annals of Gastroenterology 29, no. 4 (2016): 497–501. A few other studies have been more circumspect about the time-of-day effect. See, e.g., Jerome D. Waye, “Should All Colonoscopies Be Performed in the Morning?” Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology 4, no. 7 (2007): 366–67.

4. Madhusudhan R. Sanaka et al., “Afternoon Colonoscopies Have Higher Failure Rates Than Morning Colonoscopies,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 101, no. 12 (2006): 2726–30; Jerome D. Waye, “Should All Colonoscopies Be Performed in the Morning?” Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology 4, no. 7 (2007): 366–67.

5. Jeffrey A. Linder et al., “Time of Day and the Decision to Prescribe Antibiotics,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 12 (2014): 2029–31.

6. Hengchen Dai et al., “The Impact of Time at Work and Time Off from Work on Rule Compliance: The Case of Hand Hygiene in Health Care,” Journal of Applied Psychology 100, no. 3 (2015): 846–62. the 38 percent figure represents “the fitted odds of compliance over the course of a 12-hr shift or an 8.7-percentage-point decrease in the rate of compliance for an average caregiver over the course of a 12-hr shift.”

7. Ibid.

8. Jim Horne and Louise Reyner, “Vehicle Accidents Related to Sleep: A Review,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 5 (1999): 289–94.

9. Justin Caba, “Least Productive Time of the Day Officially Determined to Be 2:55 PM: What You Can Do to Stay Awake?” Medical Daily, June 4, 2013, available at http://www.medicaldaily.com/least-productive-time-day-officially-determined-be-255-pm-what-you-can-do-stay-awake-246495.

10. Maryam Kouchaki and Isaac H. Smith, “The Morning Morality Effect: The Influence of Time of Day on Unethical Behavior,” Psychological Science 25, no. 1 (2014): 95–102; Maryam Kouchaki, “In the Afternoon, the Moral Slope Gets Slipperier,” Harvard Business Review, May 2014.

11. Julia Neily et al., “Association Between Implementation of a Medical Team Training Program and Surgical Mortality,” JAMA 304, no. 15 (2010): 1693–1700.

12. Hans Henrik Sievertsen, Francesca Gino, and Marco Piovesan, “Cognitive Fatigue Influences Students’ Performance on Standardized Tests,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 10 (2016): 2621–24.

13. Francesca Gino, “Don’t Make Important Decisions Late in the Day,” Harvard Business Review, February 23, 2016.

14. Hans Henrik Sievertsen, Francesca Gino, and Marco Piovesan, “Cognitive Fatigue Influences Students’ Performance on Standardized Tests,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 10 (2016): 2621–24.