When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing(56)

5. Peter Sheridan Dodds et al., “Temporal Patterns of Happiness and Information in a Global Social Network: Hedonometrics and Twitter,” PloS ONE 6, no. 12 (2011): e26752. See also Riccardo Fusaroli et al., “Timescales of Massive Human Entrainment,” PloS ONE 10, no. 4 (2015): e0122742.

6. Daniel Kahneman et al., “A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method,” Science 306, no. 5702 (2004): 1776–80.

7. Arthur A. Stone et al., “A Population Approach to the Study of Emotion: Diurnal Rhythms of a Working Day Examined with the Day Reconstruction Method,” Emotion 6, no. 1 (2006): 139–49.

8. Jing Chen, Baruch Lev, and Elizabeth Demers, “The Dangers of Late-Afternoon Earnings Calls,” Harvard Business Review, October 2013.

9. Ibid.

10. Jing Chen, Elizabeth Demers, and Baruch Lev, “Oh What a Beautiful Morning! Diurnal Variations in Executives’ and Analysts’ Behavior: Evidence from Conference Calls.” Found at https://www.darden.virginia.edu.uploadedfiles/darden_web/content/faculty_research/seminars_and_conferences/CDL_March_2016.pdf.

11. Ibid.

12. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Extensional Versus Intuitive Reasoning: The Conjunction Fallacy in Probability Judgment,” Psychological Review 90, no. 4 (1983): 293–315.

13. Galen V. Bodenhausen, “Stereotypes as Judgmental Heuristics: Evidence of Circadian Variations in Discrimination,” Psychological Science 1, no. 5 (1990): 319–22.

14. Ibid.

15. Russell G. Foster and Leon Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks That Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 11.

16. Carolyn B. Hines, “Time-of-Day Effects on Human Performance,” Journal of Catholic Education 7, no. 3 (2004): 390–413, citing Tamsin L. Kelly, Circadian Rhythms: Importance for Models of Cognitive Performance, U.S. Naval Health Research Center Report, no. 96-1 (1996): 1–24.

17. Simon Folkard, “Diurnal Variation in Logical Reasoning,” British Journal of Psychology 66, no. 1 (1975): 1–8; Timothy H. Monk et al., “Circadian Determinants of Subjective Alertness,” Journal of Biological Rhythms 4, no. 4 (1989): 393–404.

18. Robert L. Matchock and J. Toby Mordkoff, “Chronotype and Time-of-Day Influences on the Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Components of Attention,” Experimental Brain Research 192, no. 2 (2009): 189–198.

19. Hans Henrik Sievertsen, Francesca Gino, and Marco Piovesan, “Cognitive Fatigue Influences Students’ Performance on Standardized Tests,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 10 (2016): 2621–24.

20. Nolan G. Pope, “How the Time of Day Affects Productivity: Evidence from School Schedules,” Review of Economics and Statistics 98, no. 1 (2016): 1–11.

21. Mareike B. Wieth and Rose T. Zacks, “Time of Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-optimal Is Optimal,” Thinking & Reasoning 17, no. 4 (2011): 387–401.

22. Lynn Hasher, Rose T. Zacks, and Cynthia P. May, “Inhibitory Control, Circadian Arousal, and Age,” in Daniel Gopher and Asher Koriat, eds., Attention and Performance XVII: Cognitive Regulation of Performance: Interaction of Theory and Application (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 653–75.

23. Cindi May, “The Inspiration Paradox: Your Best Creative Time Is Not When You Think,” Scientific American, March 6, 2012.

24. Mareike B. Wieth and Rose T. Zacks, “Time of Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-optimal Is Optimal,” Thinking & Reasoning 17, no. 4 (2011): 387–401.

25. Inez Nellie Canfield McFee, The Story of Thomas A. Edison (New York: Barse & Hopkins, 1922).

26. Till Roenneberg et al., “Epidemiology of the Human Circadian Clock,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 11, no. 6 (2007): 429–38.

27. Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–75; Franzis Preckel et al., “Chronotype, Cognitive Abilities, and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Investigation,” Learning and Individual Differences 21, no. 5 (2011): 483–92; Till Roenneberg, Anna Wirz-Justice, and Martha Merrow, “Life Between Clocks: Daily Temporal Patterns of Human Chronotypes,” Journal of Biological Rhythms 18, no. 1 (2003): 80–90; Iwona Chelminski et al., “Horne and Ostberg Questionnaire: A Score Distribution in a Large Sample of Young Adults,” Personality and Individual Differences 23, no. 4 (1997): 647–52; G. M. Cavallera and S. Giudici, “Morningness and Eveningness Personality: A Survey in Literature from 1995 up till 2006.” Personality and Individual Differences 44, no. 1 (2008): 3–21.

28. Renuka Rayasam, “Why Sleeping In Could Make You a Better Worker,” BBC Capital, February 25, 2016.

29. Markku Koskenvuo et al., “Heritability of Diurnal Type: A Nationwide Study of 8753 Adult Twin Pairs,” Journal of Sleep Research 16, no. 2 (2007): 156–62; Yoon-Mi Hur, Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., and David T. Lykken, “Genetic and Environmental Influence on Morningness-Eveningness,” Personality and Individual Differences 25, no. 5 (1998): 917–25.

30. One possible explanation: Those born in seasons with less light reach their daily circadian peak earlier in order to take advantage of the limited light. Vincenzo Natale and Ana Adan, “Season of Birth Modulates Morning-Eveningness Preference in Humans,” Neuroscience Letters 274, no. 2 (1999): 139–41; Hervé Caci et al., “Trans-cultural Properties of the Composite Scale of Morningness: The Relevance of the ‘Morning Affect’ Factor,” Chronobiology International 22, no. 3 (2005): 523–40.