When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing(57)

31. Till Roenneberg et al., “A Marker for the End of Adolescence,” Current Biology 14, no. 24 (2004): R1038–39.

32. Till Roenneberg et al., “Epidemiology of the Human Circadian Clock,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 11, no. 6 (2007): 429–38; See also Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–75.

33. Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–75. See also Ryan J. Walker et al., “Age, the Big Five, and Time-of-Day Preference: A Mediational Model,” Personality and Individual Differences 56 (2014): 170–74; Christoph Randler, “Proactive People Are Morning People,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39, no. 12 (2009): 2787–97; Hervé Caci, Philippe Robert, and Patrice Boyer, “Novelty Seekers and Impulsive Subjects Are Low in Morningness,” European Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (2004): 79–84; Maciej Stolarski, Maria Ledzińska, and Gerald Matthews, “Morning Is Tomorrow, Evening Is Today: Relationships Between Chronotype and Time Perspective,” Biological Rhythm Research 44, no. 2 (2013): 181–96.

34. Renée K. Biss and Lynn Hasher, “Happy as a Lark: Morning-Type Younger and Older Adults Are Higher in Positive Affect,” Emotion 12, no. 3 (2012): 437–41.

35. Ryan J. Walker et al., “Age, the Big Five, and Time-of-Day Preference: A Mediational Model,” Personality and Individual Differences 56 (2014): 170–74; Christoph Randler, “Morningness-Eveningness, Sleep-Wake Variables and Big Five Personality Factors,” Personality and Individual Differences 45, no. 2 (2008): 191–96.

36. Ana Adan, “Chronotype and Personality Factors in the Daily Consumption of Alcohol and Psychostimulants,” Addiction 89, no. 4 (1994): 455–62.

37. Ji Hee Yu et al., “Evening Chronotype Is Associated with Metabolic Disorders and Body Composition in Middle-Aged Adults,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 4 (2015): 1494–1502; Seog Ju Kim et al., “Age as a Moderator of the Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Morningness-Eveningness,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 68, no. 2 (2010): 159–164; Iwona Chelminski et al., “Horne and Ostberg Questionnaire: A Score Distribution in a Large Sample of Young Adults,” Personality and Individual Differences 23, no. 4 (1997): 647–52; Michael D. Drennan et al., “The Effects of Depression and Age on the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Score,” Journal of Affective Disorders 23, no. 2 (1991): 93–98; Christoph Randler et al., “Eveningness Is Related to Men’s Mating Success,” Personality and Individual Differences 53, no. 3 (2012): 263–67; J. Kasof, “Eveningness and Bulimic Behavior,” Personality and Individual Differences 31, no. 3 (2001): 361–69.

38. Kai Chi Yam, Ryan Fehr, and Christopher M. Barnes, “Morning Employees Are Perceived as Better Employees: Employees’ Start Times Influence Supervisor Performance Ratings,” Journal of Applied Psychology 99, no. 6 (2014): 1288–99.

39. Catharine Gale and Christopher Martyn, “Larks and Owls and Health, Wealth, and Wisdom,” British Medical Journal 317, no. 7174 (1998): 1675–77.

40. Richard D. Roberts and Patrick C. Kyllonen, “Morning-Eveningness and Intelligence: Early to Bed, Early to Rise Will Make You Anything but Wise!,” Personality and Individual Differences 27 (1999): 1123–33; Davide Piffer et al., “Morning-Eveningness and Intelligence Among High-Achieving US Students: Night Owls Have Higher GMAT Scores than Early Morning Types in a Top-Ranked MBA Program,” Intelligence 47 (2014): 107–12.

41. Christoph Randler, “Evening Types Among German University Students Score Higher on Sense of Humor After Controlling for Big Five Personality Factors,” Psychological Reports 103, no. 2 (2008): 361–70.

42. Galen V. Bodenhausen, “Stereotypes as Judgmental Heuristics: Evidence of Circadian Variations in Discrimination,” Psychological Science 1, no. 5 (1990): 319–22.

43. Mareike B. Wieth and Rose T. Zacks, “Time-of-Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-optimal is Optimal,” Thinking & Reasoning 17, no. 4 (2011): 387–401.

44. Cynthia P. May and Lynn Hasher, “Synchrony Effects in Inhibitory Control over Thought and Action,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24, no. 2 (1998): 363–79; Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–75.

45. ángel Correa, Enrique Molina, and Daniel Sanabria, “Effects of Chronotype and Time of Day on the Vigilance Decrement During Simulated Driving,” Accident Analysis & Prevention 67 (2014): 113–18.

46. John A. E. Anderson et al., “Timing Is Everything: Age Differences in the Cognitive Control Network Are Modulated by Time of Day,” Psychology and Aging 29, no. 3 (2014): 648–58.

47. Brian C. Gunia, Christopher M. Barnes, and Sunita Sah, “The Morality of Larks and Owls: Unethical Behavior Depends on Chronotype as Well as Time of Day,” Psychological Science 25, no. 12 (2014): 2272–74; Maryam Kouchaki and Isaac H. Smith, “The Morning Morality Effect; The Influence of Time of Day on Unethical Behavior,” Psychological Science 25, no. 1 (2013): 95–102.

48. Mason Currey, ed., Daily Rituals: How Artists Work (New York: Knopf, 2013), 62–63.

49. Ibid., 29–32, 62–63.