The Betrayal of Anne Frank: A Cold Case Investigation(96)
Theresienstadt concentration camp: A concentration camp and ghetto approximately forty-five miles north of Prague established by the Schutzstaffel (SS) in 1941. It served three purposes: a way station to the extermination camps, a “retirement settlement” for elderly and prominent Jews, and a camp used to mislead the public about the horrors of the Holocaust.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM): A museum located in Washington, DC.
Utrechts Kindercomité (Utrecht Children’s Committee): A Dutch resistance group from Utrecht that was engaged in the hiding of several hundred Jewish children.
Verzuiling (pillarization): The division of a society into groups, or “pillars,” on a philosophical, religious, or socioeconomic basis. These groups voluntarily separated from one another. For example, Protestants would go to Protestant shops, Protestant sports clubs, and Protestant schools, listen to Protestant radio, read Protestant newspapers, and vote for Protestant political parties. Since the members of the various pillars seldom mixed, there was little solidarity between them.
Vertrouwens-Mann, Vertrouwens-Frau (V-Man, V-Woman): Terms used for civilians working undercover for the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). They were used for gathering information on Jews in hiding, downed pilots, and members of the resistance. Those informants were ideologically motivated, acted for profit, or were coerced.
Vught concentration camp: A concentration camp near the city of Den Bosch in the south of the Netherlands. The camp was completed in 1942 and was under command of the SS. It was designed to relieve the pressure on the Amersfoort and Westerbork camps and to serve as a labor camp for surrounding industries. In October 1944, it was liberated by the Allies. During the war it held around thirty thousand prisoners, of whom almost eight hundred died.
Waffen-SS: The military fighting branch of the SS under Heinrich Himmler. Founded in 1934 under the name SS-Verfügungstruppe, it was renamed Waffen-SS in 1940. It was considered an elite fighting force, and its members were known for their fanatical ideological zeal.
Wannsee Conference: A meeting of fifteen senior Nazi officials (among others Reinhardt Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann) held on January 20, 1942, at Villa Marlier on the Wannsee near Berlin. The main subject of the meeting was the large-scale destruction of European Jewry.
Weerbaarheidsafdeling (WA) (Resilience Department): The uniformed militia of the Dutch Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB).
Wehrmacht: The German Army.
Westerbork camp: A refugee camp in the northeast of the Netherlands built by the Dutch government in 1938. During the war, the camp was transformed into a transit camp from which 102,000 Jews and more than 200 Roma were deported by train to concentration and extermination camps in the east. After liberation the camp was used to imprison suspected war criminals and collaborators.
Wirtschaftsprüfstelle (WSP) (Economic Inspection Agency): The agency by which the German occupier kept records of all Jewish property. From October 1940, Jewish companies were obliged to register with the WSP, which was part of the Generalkommission für Finanzen und Wirtschaft (General Commission for Finance and Economy). From March 1941, Jewish companies could be taken over by Aryan deputies and eventually liquidated. This was done by the trust company known as Omnia-Treuhandgesellschaft.
Zentralstelle für Jüdische Auswanderung (Central Agency for Jewish Emigration): The organization founded on the orders of Sicherheitsdienst (SD) leader Reinhard Heydrich that aimed to expel Jews from society, first by emigration and later by forced deportation to concentration and extermination camps. The Zentralstelle’s Amsterdam office was located on Adama van Scheltemaplein opposite the SD headquarters. Both buildings were bombed on November 26, 1944, by twenty-four RAF Hawker Typhoon bombers.
Bibliography
Aalders, Gerard. Nazi Looting: The Plunder of Dutch Jewry During the Second World War. Translated by Arnold Pomerans with Erica Pomerans. Oxford: Berg, 2004.
Aalders, Gerard, and Coen Hilbrink. De Affaire Sanders: Spionage en intriges in herrijzend Nederland. The Hague: SDU Uitgivers, 1996.
Aerde, Rogier van. Het grote gebod: Gedenkboek van het verzet in LO en LKP. 2 vols. Kampen: Kok, 1989.
Alford, Kenneth D. Hermann Goering and the Nazi Art Collection: The Looting of Europe’s Art Treasures and Their Dispersal After World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012.
Barnouw, David, and Gerrold van der Stroom. “Who Betrayed Anne Frank?” NIOD. https://www.niod.nl/sites/niod.nl/files/WhobetrayedAnneFrank.pdf.
Bauman, Zygmunt. Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
Becker, Tamara, An Huitzing, Annemie Wolff, and Rudi Boon. Op de foto in oorlogstijd: Studio Wolff, 1943. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Lecturis, 2017.
Boer, Joh Franc Maria den, S. Duparc, and Arthur de Bussy. Kroniek van Amsterdam over de jaren 1940–1945. Amsterdam: De Bussy, 1948.
Bolle, Mirjam. Letters Never Sent: Amsterdam, Westerbork, Bergen-Belsen. Translated by Laura Vroomen. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem Publications, 2014.
Boomgaard, Petra van den. Voor de Nazi’s geen Jood: Hoe ruim 2500 Joden door ontduiking van rassenvoorschriften aan de deportaties zijn ontkomen. Hilversum, Netherlands: Uitgiverij Verbum, 2019.
Boterman, Frits. Duitse daders: De jodenvervolging en nazificatie van Nederland (1940–1945). Amsterdam: Uitgiverij de Arbeiderspers, 2015.
Brinks, Monique. Het Scholtenhuis, 1940–1945. Vol. 1: Daden. Bedum, Netherlands: Profiel, 2009.
Broek, Gertjan. “An Investigative Report on the Betrayal and Arrest of the Inhabitants of the Secret Annex.” Anne Frank House, December 2016. https://www.annefrank.org/en/downloads/filer_public/4a/c6/4ac6677d-f8ae-4c79-b024-91ffe694e216/an_investigative_report_on_the_betrayal_and_arrest.pdf.